Biology Final
Terms
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- mRNA
- RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assmbly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
- cell wall
- strong supporting layer around the membrane. provides support and protection for the cell
- tRNA
- RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
- histone
- globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
- polymer
- large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
- solute
- the substance that is dissolved
- mutation
- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
- DNA polymerase
- enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original
- Calvin Cycle
- reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugars
- biology
- the science that seeks to understand the living world.
- adhesion
- an attraction between molecules of different substances
- chromatin
- granular material visable within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
- pinocytosis
- process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
- hypotonic
- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lower concenttation of solute
- activation energy
- a factor in wheather the overall chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy
- ions
- atom that has a positive or negative charge
- equilibrium
- when the concentration of hte solute is the same throughout a system
- carbohydrates
- compounds made up of cabron, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. living things use them as their main source of engery.
- glycolysis
- first step in releasing the energy of glucose in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
- nucleotide
- monomer of neceic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- chemical reaction
- process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
- isotope
- atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
- gene
- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
- DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid contains the sugar deoxyrobose
- RNA
- ribonucleic acid conatins the sugar ribose
- cellular respiration
- process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
- organelle
- little organs
- exon
- expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
- nuclear envelope
- layer of two membranes that surround the nucleus of a cell
- isotonic
- when two solutions have the same strength
- electron
- negatively charged particle which 1/1840 the mass of a proton.
- ATP
- adinosine triphosphate. used to release and store energy. basic source of energy for all cells.
- ionic bond
- bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- cytoplasm
- portion outside of the nucleus made of liquid
- fermentation
- process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
- prokaryote
- cells that do not have nuclei
- tissue
- a group of similar cells that perform a particular function
- sexual reproduction
- two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organizm
- stroma
- region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplast
- hypertonic
- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solute
- translation
- decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
- electron transport cycle
- a series of proteins in which the highest energy electrons from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP.
- aerobic
- process that doe require oxygen
- manipulated variabled
- the variabled that is deliberately changed
- endoplasmic reticulum
- the site where lipid compnents of the cell membrame are assmebled along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
- catalyst
- a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reation
- transcription
- process in which part of the nuceotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA
- element
- pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
- covalent bond
- bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
- frameshift mutation
- mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
- nucleolus
- where the assembly of ribosomes begins
- reactant
- the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
- cell culture
- group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a singleoriginal cell
- enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts. they speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
- nucleus
- the center of the atom. also a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
- cell fractionation
- technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated.
- controlled experiment
- a test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same.
- protein
- macromolecule that contains nitrogen and well as carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. polymer of amino acid
- acid
- any compound that forms H ions in solution
- RNA polymerase
- enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
- inference
- logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience
- intron
- intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for protein
- molecule
- smallest unit of most compounds
- concentration
- the mass of solute in a given volume of solution
- mixture
- a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
- pigment
- light-absorbing molecule
- cytoskeleton
- a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. the cytoskeleton is also involved in movement.
- thylakoid
- saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplast
- solution
- mixture of two or more substancesin which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
- homeostasis
- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
- centrioles
- located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. not in plant cells.
- golgi apparatus
- modifies, sorts, and packages protein and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
- lysosome
- small organelles filled with enzymes. digests, breaks down lipids, carbs, proteins into small molecules that can be used in teh rest of the cell.
- microscope
- device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
- metabolism
- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life process.
- base pairing
- principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
- eukaryote
- cells that contain a nuclei
- NADP (plus)
- one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
- substrates
- reactant of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- chlorophyll
- principal pigment of plants and other organisms that capture the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
- compound
- a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
- cell membrane
- regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. thin flexable barrier
- lipid bilayer
- double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
- light dependent reactions
- reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
- van der Waals forces
- a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
- nucleic acid
- macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus. store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.
- NAD(plus)
- electron carrier involved in gycolysis
- atom
- basic unit of matter. unable to cut
- base
- a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution
- observation
- the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful orderly way.
- stimulus
- a signal to which an organism responds
- chloroplast
- organelle that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
- active transport
- energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
- facilitated diffusion
- movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
- rRNA
- type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- pH scale
- indicates the concentration of H ions in the solution
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of the same substance
- evolution
- change in a kind oforganism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
- polysaccharides
- large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
- anticodon
- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.
- science
- an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world. the body of knowledge that scientists have built up after years of using this process.
- photosynthesis
- uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen
- replication
- copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
- suspension
- mixture of water and nondissolved material
- cell specialization
- separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
- monomer
- small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
- spontaneous generation
- the idea that life can arise from non-living matter
- vacuole
- stores material such as water and salt.
- chromosome
- threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
- endocytosis
- process of taking material into the cell by means of unfolding, or pockets of the cell membrane
- product
- element or compound produced by a chemical reation.
- photosystem
- light collecting units of the chloroplast
- responding variable
- the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable
- codon
- three nuceotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
- heterotrophs
- obtain energy from the foods they consume such as animals
- amino acid
- compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
- krebs cycle
- second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
- metric system
- a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10
- exocytosis
- during it, the membrane of teh vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
- buffer
- weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
- phagocytosis
- "cell eating" extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole
- electron microscope
- uses beams of electrons to produce images
- mitochondria
- organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
- theory
- well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.
- solvent
- the substance in which the solute dissolves
- anaerobic
- process that does not require oxygen
- ribosomes
- small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. produce proteins but following coded instructions that come from the nucleus
- autotroph
- organisms such as plants that make their own food
- promoter
- region of DNA that indicates to and enzyme where to bind to make RNA
- point mutation
- mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nuceotide for another
- nucleotides
- monomer of nucleic acid made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- organ
- group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
- polyploidy
- condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
- lipid
- can be used to store energy. macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. includes fats oils and waxes.
- diffusion
- process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrate to an area where they are less concentrated
- monosaccharides
- single sugar molecules
- cell theory
- all living things are made of cells. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. new cells are produced from preexisting cells.
- compound light microscope
- allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lense to form an image.
- cell
- a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surrounding. basic unit of life
- hypothesis
- proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
- ATP synthase
- large protein that uses energy from H ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
- asexual reproduction
- when an organism has a single parent. a single cell divides in half to form two new organisms.
- chromatin
- consists of DNA bound protein. granular material visable within the nucleus.