How Cells
Terms
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- cellular respiration
- The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
- cytoplasm
- The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
- mitochondrion
- An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
- ATP
- releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.
- oxidation
- The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
- reduction
- The gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction.
- glycolysis
- The splitting of glucose into pyruvate
- Krebs cycle
- completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide
- electron transport chain
- A sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
- chemiosmosis
- The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP
- hydrogen ion
- A single proton with a charge of +1.
- enzyme
- A class of proteins serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
- acetyl CoA
- The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
- protein
- A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
- electronegativity
- The tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself.
- mitochondrial matrix
- The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
- ATP synthase
- A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP.
- fermentation
- A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain.
- NADH
- The reduced form of nicotinamide that is one of the products of glycolysis.