micro chapter 5
Terms
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- ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN, ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
- A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM ONE COMPOUND TO ANOTHER, GENERATING ATP BY OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
- FERMENTATION TEST
- METHOD USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER A BACTERIUM OR YEAST FERMENTS A SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE; USUALLY PERFORMED IN A PEPTONE BROTH CONTAINING THE CARBOHYDRATE, A pH INDICATOR, AND AN INVERTED TUBE TO TRAP GAS
- HOMOLACTIC
- DESCRIBING AN ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES ONLY LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION; E.G., STREPTOCOCCUS
- NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
- AN INHIBITORY CHEMICAL THAT DOES NOT COMPETE WITH THE SUBSTRATE FOR AN ENZYME'S ACTIVE SITE
- LUCIFERASE
- X
- FLAVOPROTEIN
- A PROTEIN CONTAINING THE COENZYME FLAVIN; FUNCTIONS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS
- CHLOROSOME
- PLASMA MEMBRANE FOLDS IN GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA CONTAINING BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLLS
- CHEMOAUTOTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES AN INORGANIC CHEMICAL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE AND CO2 AS A CARBON SOURCE
- CHEMIOSMOSIS
- A MECHANISM THAT USES A PROTON GRADIENT ACROSS A CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE TO GENERATE ATP
- AEROBE
- AN ORGANISM REQUIRING MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2) FOR GROWTH
- KREBS CYCLE
- A PATHWAY THAT CONVERTS TWO-CARBON COMPOUNDS TO CO2, TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS TO NAD+ AND OTHER CARRIERS; ALSO CALLED TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE OR CRITIC ACID CYCLE
- LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
- A CATABOLIC PROCESS, BEGINNING WITH GLYCOLYSIS, THAT PRODUCES LACTIC ACID TO REOXIDIZE NADH
- UDP-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE (UDPNAc)
- A COMPOUND NECESSARY FOR THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- THE MOVEMENT OF AN ELECTRON FROM CHLOROPHYLL THROUGH A SERIES OF ELECTRON ACCEPTORS AND BACK TO CHLOROPHYLL; ANOXYGENIC; PURPLE AND GREEN BACTERIAL PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- FMN
- FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE; A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- COFACTOR
- (1) THE NONPROTEIN COMPONENT OF AN ENZYME (2) A MICROORGANISM OR MOLECULE THAT ACTS WITH OTHERS TO SYNERGISTICALLY ENHANCE OR CAUSE DISEASE
- SAPROPHYTE
- AN ORGANISM THAT OBTAINS ITS NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD ORGANIC MATTER
- PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- THE PRODUCTION OF ATP IN A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS; ELECTRONS FROM CHLOROPHYLL INITIATE THE REACTIONS
- ANOXYGENIC
- NOT PRODUCING MOLECULAR OXYGEN; TYPICAL OF CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- PHOSPHORYLATION
- THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO AN ORGANIC MOLECULE
- PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
- A METABOLIC PATHWAY THAT CAN OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCOLYSIS TO PRODUCE PENTOSES AND NADH WITHOUT ATP PRODUCTION; ALSO CALLED HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
- AMINATION
- THE ADDITION OF AN AMINO GROUP
- CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
- AN ENZYME THAT OXIDIZES CYTOCHROME C
- AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- RESPIRATION IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2)
- PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA
- GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; USE REDUCED SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION
- FAD
- FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE REMOVAL AND TRANFER OF HYDROGEN IONS (H+) AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES
- PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA
- ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; GROW ON YEAST EXTRACT IN DARK; USE REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION
- RIBOZYME
- AN ENZYME CONSISTING OF RNA THAT SPECIFICALLY ACTS ON STRANDS OF RNA TO REMOVE INTRONS AND SPLICE TOGETHER THE REMAINING EXONS
- RESPIRATION
- A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS IN A MEMBRANE THAT GERNERATES ATP; THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS USUALLY AN INORGANIC MOLECULE
- UBIQUINONE
- A LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT, NONPROTEIN CARRIER IN AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ALSO CALLED COENXZME Q
- DECARBOXYLATION
- THE REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AN AMINO ACID
- FERMENTATION
- THE ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS AN ORGANIC MOLECULE, ATP IS SYNTHESIZED BY SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION, AND O2 IS NOT REQUIRED
- LIPASE
- AN ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES INTO THEIR COMPONENT GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
- ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
- RESPIRATION IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS AN INORGANIC MOLECULE OTHER THAN MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2); FOR EXAMPLE, A NITRATE ION OR CO2
- DEHYDROGENATION
- THE LOSS OF HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM A SUBSTRATE
- REDUCTION
- THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO A MOLECULE
- CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
- THE FIXATION OF CO2 INTO REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; USED BY AUTOTROPHS
- OXIDATION
- THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A MOLECULE
- PARASITE
- AN ORGANISM THAT DERIVES NUTRIENTS FROM A LIVING HOST
- HETEROLACTIC
- DESCRIBING AN ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES LACTIC ACID AND OTHER ACIDS OR ALCOHOLS AS END-PRODUCTS OF FERNENTATION; E.G., ESCHERICHIA
- LIGHT-INDEPENDENT (DARK) REACTIONS
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH ELECTRONS AND ENERGY FROM ATP ARE USED TO REDUCE CO2 TO SUGAR; SEE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
- LIGHT (LIGHT-DEPENDENT) REACTION
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS USED TO CONVERT ADP AND PHOSPHATE TO ATP; PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- OXYGENIC
- PRODUCING OXYGEN, AS IN PLANT AND CYANOBACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA
- GRAM-NEGATIVE, NONPROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; NO GROWTH IN DARK; USE REDUCED SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION
- METABOLISM
- THE SUM OF ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN A LIVING CELL
- TRANSAMINATION
- THE TRANSFER OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO ANOTHER ORGANIC ACID
- HALOENZYME
- X
- FEEDBACK INHIBITION
- INHIBITION OF AN ENZYME IN A PARTICULAR PATHWAY BY THE ACCUMULATION OF THE END-PRODUCT OF THE PATHWAY; ALSO CALLED END-PRODUCT INHIBITION
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
- THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP COUPLED WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT
- HETEROTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT REQUIRES AN ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE; ALSO CALLED ORGANOTROPH
- OXIDATION-REDUCTION
- A COUPLED REACTION IN WHICH ONE SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED AND ONE IS REDUCED; ALSO CALLED REDOX REACTION
- GLYCOLYSIS
- THE MAIN PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID; ALSO CALLED EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY
- PHOTOTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE
- ANABOLISM
- ALL SYNTHESIS REACTIONS IN A LIVING ORGANISM; THE BUILDING OF COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES
- CHEMOTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS AS ITS PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE
- CATABOLISM
- ALL DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN A LIVING ORGANISM; THE BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTO SIMPLER ONES
- ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION
- THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN ENZYME'S ACTIVITY IS CHANGED BECAUSE OF BINDING TO THE ALLOSTERIC SITE
- ENTNER-DOUDOROFF PATHWAY
- AN ALTERNATE PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID
- NAD+
- A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE REMOVAL AND TRANSFER OF HYDROGEN ION (H+) AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- THE CONVERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY FROM THE SUN INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY; THE LIGHT-FUELED SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATE FROM CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
- CARBON FIXATION
- THE SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS BY USING CARBONS FROM CO2; CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
- SATURATION
- THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE ACTIVE SITE ON AN ENZYME IS OCCUPIED BY THE SUBSTRATE OR PRODUCT AT ALL TIMES
- CHEMOHETEROTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES ORGANIC MOLECULES AS A SOURCE OF CARBON AND ENERGY
- ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
- A CATABOLIC PROCESS, BEGINNING WITH GLYCOLYSIS, THAT PRODUCES ETHYL ALCOHOL TO REOXIDIZE NADH
- COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
- A CHEMICAL THAT COMPETES WITH THE NORMAL SUBSTRATE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN ENZYME
- ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
- A TEMPORARY UNION OF AN ENZYME AND ITS SUBSTRATE
- GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA
- GRAM-NEGATIVE, NONPROTEOBACTERIA; ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; USE REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION
- COENZYME
- A NONPROTEIN SUBSTANCE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AND THAT ACTIVATES AN ENZYME
- AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAY
- A PATHWAY THAT IS BOTH ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC
- PHOTOAUTOTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS ENERGY SOURCE AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) AS ITS CARBON SOURCE
- ACTIVE SITE
- A REGION ON AN ENZYME THAT INTERACTS WITH THE SUBSTRATE
- DEAMINATION
- THE REMOVAL OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO FORM AMMONIA; AMMONIFICATION
- ANAEROBE
- AN ORGANISM THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2) FOR GROWTH
- METABOLIC PATHWAY
- A SEQUENCE OF ENZYMATICALLY CATALYZED REACTIONS OCCURRING IN A CELL
- NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- THE MOVEMENT OF AN ELECTRON FROM CHLOROPHYLL TO NAD+; PLANT AND CYANOBACTERIAL PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- AUTOTROPH
- A MUTANT MICROORGANISM WITH A NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT THAT IS ABSENT IN THE PARENT
- BETA OXIDATION
- THE REMOVAL OF TWO CARBON UNITS FROM A FATTY ACID TO FORM ACETYL CoA
- NADP+
- A COENZYME SIMILAR TO NAD+
- ALLOSTERIC SITE
- THE SITE ON AN ENZYME AT WHICH A NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR BINDS
- CYTOCHROME
- A PROTEIN THAT FUNCTIONS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
- THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP BY DIRECT TANS FER OF A HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM AN INTERMEDIATE METABOLIC COMPOUND TO ADP
- DENATURATION
- A CHANGE IN THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, USUALLY MAKING IT NONFUNCTIONAL
- PHOTOHETEROTROPH
- AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS ENERGY SOURCE AND AN ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE
- APOENZYME
- THE PROTEIN PORTION OF AN ENZYME, WHICH REQUIRES ACTIVATION BY A COENZYME
- COENZYME A (CoA)
- A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN DECARBOXYLATION