Cellular biology

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What is a mitochondrian?: Cell organelle involved in respiration
What is cytoplasm?: Fluid surrounding the contents of a cell
What is a golgi apparatus: processing area for the creation of glycoprotein
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?: organelle involved in protein synthesis
What are vesicles?: Packages of substances to be used in cell or secreted by it
What is a nucleus?: The "brain" of a cell
What is a cell membrane?: The outer layer of a cell that regulates molecules going in and out, also protective and structural
What is a cell wall?: Structure that provides structural and protective role, in plants
What are the three methods for transporting ions through cell membrane?: Active transport, passive transport (diffusion), simple diffusion
What does ATP stand for?: Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
What is ADP?: Adenosine Diphosphate
What causes energy to be releaseed in a cell?: Breaking of molecular bond (ATP to ADP)
What molecule is used to create ATP?: Glucose
What is the process of breaking down glucose to allow energy to be used by organism?: Respiration
What are the three distinct areas of the process of respiration?: Glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Cytochrome System
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?: Cytoplasm
What acid is created in glycolysis by breaking down glucose?: pyruvic acid
Does the Kreb's Cycle occur in aerobic conditions or anaerobic conditions?: Aerobic
Where does the pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuse in the cell?: mitochondria
What process consists of the breakdown of pyruvic acid by enzymes, releasing CO2 and hydrogen?: Kreb's cycle
What is the hydrogen carrier system called?: Cytochrome system
Where is the cytochrome system found in a cell?: On the cristae of mitochondria
What is the process plants undertake to create organic materials from carbon dioxide and water with sunlight?: Photosynthesis
What are the two distinct areas of the photosynthesis process?: Photolysis (photochemical stage)
Calvin Cycle (thermochemical stage)
Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell?: In the granum of a chloroplast
What is the photosynthetic pigment that converts light to chemical energy?: Cholorophyll
What happens to oxygen in photolysis?: As water, oxygen is split from hydrogen and released as a byproduct
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in the cell?: In the stroma of chloroplasts
What is another name for the Calvin Cycle?: The carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis
Where do animals get their energy?: From food
Where do plants get their energy?: From the sun
What determines the structure and functions of a cell?: Chromosomes
What does DNA stand for?: Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the basic structural unit of nucleic acids?: Nucleotide
What does the "A" in the DNA sequence ACGT stand for?: adenine
What does the "C" in the DNA sequence ACGT stand for?: cytosine
What does the "G" in the DNA sequence ACGT stand for?: guanine
What does the "T" in the DNA sequence ACGT stand for?: thymine
What is the major store of genetic information in a cell?: DNA
What is DNA transcribed into?: RNA
What is RNA translated into?: Protein
What is a cell that does not have a nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles?: Prokaryote
What is a cell that has a nuclear membrane?: Eukaryote
What organelle is considered the "powerhouse" of the cell, where energy is obtained from food?: Mitochondria
What part of a plant cell stores chlorophyll for use by chloroplasts?: Plastids
What part of a cell carries out digestive functions?: Lysosomes
What is the transportation system of a cell?: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What part of a cell carries out cell transportation of protein materials?: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What part of the cell makes, stores and distributes hormones, enzymes, and other protein needed by cell?: Golgi apparatus
What part of the cell makes, stores, and secretes oxidation enzymes needed by the cell?: Peroxisomes
What are fluid-filled sacs in a cell that usually contain water, protein, etc.?: Vacuoles
What are the short, cylindrical microtubules that play a role in cell movement by direction formation of cilia and flagella?: Basal bodies
What is the part of a plant cell that supports and protects the cell and is often made of cellulose?: Cell wall
What are the small bodies that lie just outside the nucleus in animal cells and play a role in cell division and motility?: Centrioles
Which part of the cell contains RNA, proteins and some DNA?: Nucleus
What are the threadlist structures of a cell composed mainly of DNA arranged in genes?: Chromosomes
What is the balance or working equlibrium of a cell?: Homeostasis
What provides energy, maintenance, growth and reproduction functions for cells?: Protein
What is the process in which protein is broken down into amino acids?: Protein degradation
What are amino acids reconstructed into to be used by organelles of a cell?: Peptide chains
What is the process of combining amino acids to produce peptide chains?: Protein synthesis
What is the process where each of two daughter nuclei receives the same chromosome complement as the parent nucleus?: Mitosis
What are the five phases of Mitosis?: Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
First stage of mitosis: DNA replicates self in nucleus: Interphase
Second stage of mitosis: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers.: Prophase
Third phase of mitosis: chromosomes align in the middle (equator): Metaphase
Third stage of mitosis: Centromere of each chromatid split, chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell: Anaphase
Fifth stage of mitosis: chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear membrane reappears, divides: Telophase

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