A.P. English words
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Noun
- Names a person, place, thing, or idea.
- Pronoun
- Takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns.
- Adjective
- Modifies a noun or pronoun.
- Verb
- Expresses action or state of being.
- Adverb
- Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
- Preposition
- Shoes the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
- Conjunction
- Joins words or word groups.
- Interjection
- Expresses emotion.
- Subject
- Noun or noun substitute plus all modifiers that tells what the sentence is about.
- Predicate
- Verb or verb phrase plus all modifiers, compliments, and objects which tells or asks something about the subject.
- Sentence
- Independent grammatical unit containing subject and predicate and expressing a complete thought.
- Phrase
- Group of related words used as a single part of speech.
- Clause
- Group of related words containing subject and predicate.
- Independent Clause
- Can stand alone as a sentence.
- Dependent Clause
- Cannot stand alone as a sentence.
- Parallelism
- Elements of equal importance are presented in equal, grammatical form.
- Antithesis
- Strongly contrasting words, clauses, or sentences.
- Juxtaposition
- To place side by side for comparison or contrast.
- Paradox
- While seemingly contradictory, may be true or well founded.
- Oxymoron
- An antithesis of contiguous, contradictory terms.
- Listing
- A continutation of grammatically parallel items.
- Transition
- Linking paragraphs or ideas together.
- Ellipsis
- One or more words are omitted and supplied by the reader.
- Asyndeton
- Words or word phrases usually joind by conjunctions are separated only by commas.
- Apposition
- Noun or noun phrase, placed with another, as an explanatory equivalent.
- Parenthesis
- A comment which is an interuption of the immediate purpose.
- Polyseyndeton
- Placement of a conjunction after every term in a list.
- Anaphora
- The same expression is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.
- Epistrophe
- Repetition of the same word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
- Anadiplosis
- Repitition at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence of words of which the previous sentence ended.
- Epanalepsis
- Repetition at the end of a line phrase or clause of the word or word phrase.
- Chiasmus
- Reversing the order of repeated words or phrases.
- Mono vs. Poly Syllabic
- One syllable vs. many syllables.
- Euphonious vs. Cacophonous
- Pleasant sounding vs. harsh sounding.
- Literal vs. Figurative
- Accurate without imbellishment vs. comparison creating a pictorial effect.
- Denotative vs. Connotative
- Exact meaning vs. suggested meaning.
- Objective vs. Subjective
- Impersonal and unemotional vs. personal and emotional.
- Active vs. Passive
- States action vs. states being.
- Concrete vs. Abstract
- Specific and tangable vs. conceptual and philosophical.
- Hyperbolic (overstated) vs. Understated
- Deliberate exageration of facts vs. misrepresentation of less.
- Pedestrian vs. Pedantic
- Laymen's term vs. borish, inflated language.
- Vulgarity
- Language deficient in taste and refinement.
- Slang
- Vernacular speech. Tends to be from an originated group.
- Jargon
- Language specific to a field or profession.
- Cliche
- Language used so often it has lost its freshness.
- Colloquial/dialect
- Regional or provincial language.
- Informal
- Language that is correct but conversational.
- Formal
- Language of taste and refinement, appropriate for formal occasions.
- Assonance
- Repetition of similar vowel sounds in closely associated words.
- Consonance
- Repetition of similar consonant sounds in closely associated words.
- Alliteration
- Repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely associated words.
- Onomatopoeia
- Words whose pronounciation suggest their meaning.
- Rhetoric
- Principles of rules governing the art of writing or speaking effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
- Narration
- Chronological (In order of time)
- Description
- Has spacial organization and appeals the senses.
- Exposition
- Explains the nature of an object, idea, or theme.
- Persuasion (2 types)
-
Argumentation- to change or reinforce opinion
Persuasion- to compel to action. - Autobiography/biography
- An account of a persons life
- Diary
- A Daily record of personal events, observations, etc.
- Letter/epistle
- A literary composition in the form of a letter.
- Essay
- A short analytical or interpretive composition on a single subject.
- Speech/sermon
- A talk or public address (usually religious)
- Example/illustration
- Selected instances or extended examples to prove the validity of a point.
- Comparison/contrast
- Looks at similarities between seemingly unlike items.
- Cause/effect
- Effect then causes/cause then effect.
- Analogy
- A comparison of two things that are alike in certain respects.
- Classification/division
- Grouping of items into a class then given enough details to distinguish it from other members of that class.
- Anecdote
- A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.
- Digression/aside
- Introduction of material unrelated or distantly related to the subject under discussion.
- Concession
- Where you yield a point to the opposition.
- Apostrophe
- Someone or something not present is addressed as though present.
- Metaphor
- A comparison between two dissimilar things.
- Simile
- A comparison using like or as.
- Personification
- Giving human characteristics to something nonhuman or animate characteristics to an inanimate object.
- Synecdoche
- Substituting the name of a part for a whole.
- Metonymy
- Substituting a term closely associated with the word meant.
- Euphemism
- An indirect is substitued for a direct one to avoid bluntness.
- Pun
- Word play based on similarity of sound in words of different meaning.
- Allusion
- Making casual reference to a famous historical or literary figure or event.
- Images
- Literary and concrete representations of sensory experiences.
- Symbol
- Something that is itself and stands for or suggests something larger.
- Motif
- The smallest literary unit that is stable across time and stories.
- Archetype
- An unconscience collective image.
- Irony
- The actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning.
- Litotes
- An affirmative is expressed by negating the opposite.
- Point of View
- The vantage from which narrative is told.
- Mood/atmosphere
- The general feeling created by a work at a given point.
- Shift
- A change of mood or tine, etc.
- Attitude
- Situation + opinion.
- Tone
- The means by which the attitude is conveyed. Expresses the readers attitude.
- Claim/assertion/proposition/thesis
- Point you prove.
- Subclaims
- Subsidary to main claim.
- Support/evidence
- How you prove assertion.
- Refutation
- How you counter the opposing view.
- Pathos
- Attempt is to provoke an emotional response.
- Logos
- To evoke a rational response.
- Ethos
- Sense of sharing thouhgt (makes connection to audience)
- Bathos
- Pity plea.
- Ad hominem
- Attacking the person instead of the argument.
- Ad populum
- Appeal to people prejudices.
- Ad verecundium
- An appeal to wisdom in the sense that something said by a great person is true.
- Non sequitur
- Not in sequence; the conclusion does not follow logically from the preceding statement.
- False analogy
- A writer falsely assumes that if 2 things are alike in 1 respect, they are alike in others.
- Post hoc
- Because one thing follows another, the 1st is said to cause the 2nd.
- Hasty/sweeping/over generalization
- A conclusion based on insufficient or unrepresented evidence.
- Begging the question
- The truth of a conclusion is assumed by the premises.
- False authority
- Someone speaking outside their expertise.
- Slippery slope
- Something is wrong because it is next to something that is wrong or could slide toward it.
- Equivocation
- The meaning of the key word shifts.
- Either/or reasoning
- Suggesting that only 2 alternatives exist when there are more.
- Smoke screen
- Using prestigious jargon or gibberish.