Chemistry Zumdahl Glossary

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the agreement of a particular value with the true value: accuracy
a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor: acid
a substance that marks the end point of an acid-base titration by changing color: acid-base indicator
the equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a proton is removed from an acid by H2O to form the conjugate base and H3O+: acid dissociation constant Ka
a result of air pollution by sulfur dioxide: acid rain
a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give an acidic solution: acidic oxide
a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled: actinide series
the arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products: activated complex (transition state)
the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction: activation energy
a type of polymerization in which the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with no other products: addition polymerization
a reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond: addition reaction
the collection of one substance on the surface of another: adsorption
contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity: air pollution
an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon: alcohol
an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom: aldehyde
a Group 1A metal: alkali metal
a Group 2A metal: alkaline earth metal
a saturated hydrocarbon with general formula C_nH_(2n+2): alkane
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond, general formula is C_nH_(2n): alkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple carbon-carbon bond, general formula is C_nH_(2n-2): alkyne
a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties: alloy
a form of steel containing carbon plus other metals such as Cr, Co, Mn, and Mo: alloy steel
a helium nucleus: alpha (α) particle
a common mode of decay for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number changes: alpha-particle production
an organic base derived from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups: amine
an organic acid in which an amino group and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group: α-amino acid
a solid with considerable disorder in its structure: amorphous solid
the unit of current equal to one coulomb of charge per second: ampere
a substance that can behave either as an acid or as a base: amphoteric substance
the quantum number relating to the shape of an atomic orbital, which can assume any integral value from 0 to n-1 for each value of n: angular momentum quantum number l
a negative ion: anion
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs: anode
an orbital higher in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed: antibonding molecular orbital
a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent: aqueous solution
one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene: aromatic hydrocarbon
a concept postulating that acids produce hydrogen ions in solution, while bases produce hydroxide ions: Arrhenius concept
the equation representing the rate constant as k = A e^(-E_a/RT), where A represents the product of the collision frequency and the steric factor, and e^(-E_a/RT) is the fraction of collisions with sufficient energy to produce a reaction: Arrhenius equation
a polymer chain in which the substituent groups such as CH_3 are randomly distributed along the chain: atactic chain
the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth's surface: atmosphere
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom: atomic number
half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms: atomic radius
a solid that contains atoms at the lattice points: atomic solid
the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring element: atomic weight
the principle stating that as protons are added to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals: aufbau principle
the transfer of an electron from one molecule to another of the same substance: autoionization
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles: Avogadro's law
the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12, equal to 6.022*10^(23): Avogadro's number
a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly: ball-and-stick model
a molecular model for metals in which electrons are assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms: band model
a device for measuring atmospheric pressure: barometer
a substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution, a proton acceptor: base
an ionic oxide that dissolves in water to produce a basic solution: basic oxide
a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the impurities in iron using a high-pressure blast of oxygen: basic oxygen process
a group of galvanic cells connected in series: battery
an electron produced in radioactive decay: beta (β) particle
a decay process for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number remains constant and the atomic number changes, net effect is to change a neutron into a proton: beta-particle production
a ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion: bidentate ligand
a reaction involving the collision of two molecules: bimolecular step
a two-element compound: binary compound
the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleons: binding energy (nuclear)
a molecule responsible for maintaining and/or reproducing life: biomolecule
a furnace in which iron oxide is reduced to iron metal by using a very strong blast of hot air to produce carbon monoxide from coke, and then using this gas as a reducing agent for the iron: blast furnace
the energy required to break a given chemical bond: bond energy
the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal: bond length
the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two, an index of bond strength: bond order
an orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed: bonding molecular orbital
an electron pair found in the space between two atoms: bonding pair
a covalent hydride of boron: borane
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure: Boyle's law
a nuclear reactor in which fissionable fuel is produced while the reactor runs: breeder reactor
a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor: Brønsted-Lowry model
a solution that resists a change in pH when either hydroxide ions or protons are added: buffered solution
the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions without a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A-] in the solution: buffering capacity
the science of measuring heat flow: calorimetry
the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube: capillary action
a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer composed of these: carbohydrate
an alloy of iron containing up to about 1.5% carbon: carbon steel
a stable complex hemoglobin and carbon monoxide that prevents normal oxygen uptake in the blood: carboxyhemoglobin
the â€”COOH group in an organic acid: carboxyl group
an organic compound containing the carboxyl group; an acid with the general formula RCOOH: carboxylic acid
a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed: catalyst
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs: cathode
the â€œraysâ€ emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons: cathode rays
a method in which an active metal, such as magnesium, is connected to steel to protect it from corrosion: cathodic protection
a positive ion: cation
the driving force in a galvanic cell that pulls electrons from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other: cell potential (emf)
a nonmetallic material made from clay and hardened by firing at high temperature; it contains minute silicate crystals suspended in a glassy cement: ceramic
a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei: chain reaction (nuclear)
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins: Charles's law
a ligand having more than one atom with a lone pair that can be used to bond to a metal ion: chelating ligand (chelate)
the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound: chemical bond
the change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction: chemical change
a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules: chemical equation
a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant as a function of time: chemical equilibrium
the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms: chemical formula
the area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates: chemical kinetics
the calculation of the quantities of material consumed and produced in chemical reactions: chemical stoichiometry
the quality of having nonsuperimposable mirror images: chirality
the process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolyzing brine in a mercury cell: chlor-alkali process
the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase: chromatography
the destruction of a colloid by causing particles to aggregate and settle out: coagulation
organic bases in sets of three that form the genetic code: codons
properties of a solution that depend only on the number, and not the identity, of the solute particles: colligative properties
a model based on the idea that molecules must collide to react; used to account for the observed characteristics of reaction rates: collision model
a suspension of particles in a dispersing medium: colloid (colloidal dispersion)
the vigorous and exothermic reaction that takes place between certain substances, particularly organic compounds, and oxygen: combustion reaction
the shift in an equilibrium position caused by the addition or presence of an ion involved in the equilibrium reaction: common ion effect
an equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions: complete ionic equation
a charged species consisting of a metal ion surrounded by ligands: complex ion
a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes: compound
a galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations: concentration cell
the process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid: condensation
a type of polymerization in which the formation of a small molecule, such as water, accompanies the extension of a polymer chain: condensation polymerization
a reaction in which two molecules are joined, accompanied by the elimination of a water molecule: condensation reaction
liquids and solids: condensed states of matter
the species formed when a proton is added to a base: conjugate acid
two species related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton: conjugate acid-base pair
what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost: conjugate base
a spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths of visible light: continuous spectrum
rods in a nuclear reactor composed of substances that absorb neutrons, regulating the power level of the reactor: control rods
a metal-ligand bond resulting from the interaction of a Lewis base (the ligand) and a Lewis acid (the metal ion): coordinate covalent bond
a compound composed of a complex ion and counterions sufficient to give no net charge: coordination compound
isomerism in a coordination compound in which the composition of the coordination sphere of a metal ion varies: coordination isomerism
the number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands in a complex ion: coordination number
a polymer formed from the polymerization of more than one type of monomer: copolymer
an inner electron in an atom; one not in the outermost (valence) principal quantum level: core electron
the process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere: corrosion
E = 2.31*10^(-19)*(Q_1Q_2/r), where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q_1 and Q_2 are the numerical ion charges: Coulomb's law
anions or cations that balance the charge on the complex ion in a coordination compound: counterions
a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms: covalent bonding
the mass of fissionable material required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction: critical mass
the point on a phase diagram at which the temperature and pressure have their critical values; the end point on the liquid-vapor line: critical point
the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a substance at the critical temperature: critical pressure
a reaction in which exactly one neutron from each fission event causes another fission event, thus sustaining the chain reaction: critical reaction (nuclear)
the temperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter what pressure is applied: critical temperature
the existence of bonds between adjacent chains in a polymer, thus adding strength to the material: crosslinking
a model used to explain the magnetism and colors of coordination complexes through the splitting of the d orbital energies: crystal field model
a solid with a regular arrangement of its components: crystalline solid
a solid modeled by the closest packing of spheres with an abcabc arrangement of layers; the unit cell is face-centered cubic: cubic closest packed (ccp) structure
a process in which crushed gold ore is treated with an aqueous cyanide solution in the presence of air to dissolve the gold; pure gold is recovered by reduction of the ion to the metal: cyanidation
a type of particle accelerator in which an ion introduced at the center is accelerated in an expanding spiral path by the use of alternating electrical fields in the presence of a magnetic field: cyclotron
a series of iron containing species composed of heme and a protein; the principal electron-transfer molecules in the respiratory chain: cytochromes
for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the partial pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone: Dalton's law of partial pressures
a group of orbitals with the same energy: degenerate orbitals
a reaction in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from adjacent carbons of a saturated hydrocarbon, giving an unsaturated hydrocarbon: dehydrogenation reaction
the breaking down of the three-dimensional structure of a protein resulting in the loss of its function: denaturation
the return of nitrogen from decomposed matter to the atmosphere by bacteria that change nitrates to nitrogen gas: denitrification
a property of matter representing mass per unit volume: density
a huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complimentary bases on the two strands; functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the removal of dissolved salts from an aqueous solution: desalination
a phenomenon in which a semipermeable membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small solute molecules and ions: dialysis
a type of magnetism, associated with paired electrons, that causes a substance to be repelled from the inducing magnetic field: diamagnetism
an expression that gives the rate of a reaction as a function of concentrations; often called the rate law: differential rate law
the scattering of light from a regular array of points or lines, producing constructive and destructive interference: diffraction
the mixing of gases: diffusion
the process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution: dilution
a molecule formed by the joining of two identical monomers: dimer
the attractive force resulting when polar molecules line up so that the positive and negative ends are close to each other: dipole-dipole attraction
a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge: dipole moment
a furnace in which iron oxide is reduced to iron metal using milder reaction conditions than in a blast furnace: direct reduction furnace
a sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage: disaccharide
a reaction in which a given element is both oxidized and reduced: disproportionation reaction
a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components: distillation
an Sâ€”S bond that stabilizes the tertiary structure of many proteins: disulfide linkage
a bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms: double bond
a cell used for electrolyzing molten sodium chloride: Downs cell
a common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and tape players: dry cell battery
the statement that light exhibits both wave and particulate properties: dual nature of light
the passage of a gas through a tiny orfice into an evacuated chamber: effusion
the ability to conduct electric current: electrical conductivity
the study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy: electrochemistry
a process that involves forcing a current through a cell to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur: electrolysis
a material that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current: electrolyte
a cell that uses electrical energy to produce a chemical change that would otherwise not occur spontaneously: electrolytic cell
radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum: electromagnetic radiation
a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom: electron
the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom: electron affinity
a process in which one of the inner-orbital electrons in an atom is captured by the nucleus: electron capture
a quantum number representing one of the two possible values for the electron spin; either +1/2 or -1/2: electron spin quantum number
the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself: electronegativity
a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means: element
a reaction whose rate law can be written from its molecularity: elementary step
Einstein's equation proposing that energy has mass; E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light: E = mc^2
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound: empirical formula
isomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other: enantiomer
the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color: endpoint
refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system: endothermic
the capacity to do work or to cause heat flow: energy
a property of a system equal to E + PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system; at constant pressure its change equals the energy flow as heat: enthalpy
the enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point: heat of fusion
a thermodynamic function that measures randomness or disorder: entropy
a large molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes biological molecules: enzyme
the value obtained when equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species are substituted in the equilibrium expression: equilibrium constant
the expression (from the law of mass action) obtained by multiplying the product concentrations and dividing by the multiplied reactant concentrations, with each concentration raised to a power represented by the coefficient in the balanced equation: equilibrium expression
the position where the free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value: equilibrium point (thermodynamic definition)
a particular set of equilibrium concentrations: equilibrium position
the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated: equivalence point (stoichiometric point)
an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol: ester
refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system: exothermic
expresses a number as N*10^M, a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indicating the number of significant figures: exponential notation
a constant representing the charge on one mole of electrons; 96485 coulombs: Faraday
a method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid: filtration
the energy of the universe is constant; same as the law of conservation of energy: 1st law of thermodynamics
the process of using a neutron to split a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers: fission
a method of separating the mineral particles in an ore from the gangue that depends on the greater wettability of the mineral pieces: flotation process
the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion derived from a specific set of rules: formal charge
the equilibrium constant for each step of the formation of a complex ion by the addition of an individual ligand to a metal ion or complex ion in aqueous solution: formation constant (stability constant)
an equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form, whether they are strong or weak electrolytes: formula equation
coal, petroleum, or natural gas; consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms: fossil fuel
the recovery of sulfur from underground deposits by melting it with hot water and forcing it to the surface by air pressure: Frasch process
the thermodynamic function equal to H-TS; under certain conditions equal to the maximum useful work: free energy
a species with an unpaired electron: free radical
the number of waves (or cycles) per second that pass a given point in space: frequency
a galvanic cell for which the reactants are continuously supplied: fuel cell
an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen: functional group
the process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus: fusion
a device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work: galvanic cell
a process in which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion: galvanizing
a high-energy photon: gamma (γ) ray
the impurities (such as clay or sand) in an ore: gangue
an instrument that measures the rate of radioactive decay based on the ions and electrons produced as a radioactive particle passes through a gas-filled chamber: Geiger(-Müller) counter
a given segment of the DNA molecule that contains the code for a specific protein: gene
isomerism in which atoms or groups of atoms can assume different positions around a rigid ring or bond: geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism
an amorphous solid obtained when silica is mixed with other compounds, heated above its melting point, and then cooled rapidly: glass
an electrode for measuring pH from the potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions: glass electrode
a Câ€”Oâ€”C bond formed between the rings of two cyclic monosaccharides by the elimination of water: glycosidic linkage
the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles: Graham's law of effusion
a warming effect exerted by the earth's atmosphere (particularly CO2 and H2O) due to thermal energy retained by absorption of infrared radiation: greenhouse effect
the lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule: ground state
a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties: group (of the periodic table)
the manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, carried out at high pressure and high temperature with the aid of a catalyst: Haber process
the time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half of the original value: half-life (of a radioactive sample)
the time required for a reactant to reach half of its original concentration: half-life (of a reactant)
the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction: half-reactions
a Group 7A element: halogen
the addition of halogen atoms to unsaturated hydrocarbons: halogenation
water from natural sources that contains relatively large concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions: hard water
energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them: heat
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius: heat capacity
the enthalpy change associated with placing gaseous molecules or ions in water; the sum of the energy needed to expand the solvent and the energy released from the solvent-solute interactions: heat of hydration
the enthalpy change associated with dissolving a solute in a solvent; the sum of the energies needed to expand both solvent and solute in a solution and the energy released from the solvent-solute interactions: heat of solution
the energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere: heat of vaporization
a plot of temperature versus time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate: heating curve
a principle stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
an iron complex: heme
a biomolecule composed of four myoglobin-like units (proteins plus heme) that can bind and transport four oxygen molecules in the blood: hemoglobin
an equation giving the relationship between pH of an acid-base system and the concentrations of base and acid: pH = pK_a + log([base]/[acid]): Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
the amount of gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution: Henry's law
in going from a particular set of reactants a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps; in summary, enthalpy is a state function: Hess's law

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