The Endocrine System 2
Terms
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- Which system is known as the secondary control system of the body?
- The Endocrine System
- Which of the body's other systems contols the endocrine system?
- The nervous system
- What differentiates an endocrine gland from other glands in the body?
- endocrine glands have no ducts;hormones are released directly into the bloodsteam for possible systemic effect
- Example of whole organ that is an endocrine gland
- Pancreas
- Example of organ that is partly endocrine
- kidney
- The desired receptor for the specific hormone being released
- target tissue
-
-Chemicals produced by a gland
-regulate the speed of a specific activity in a cell - hormones
- hormone slowing down a cellular process
- inhibit
- Hormone speeding up a cellular process
- stimulate
- what are the two different types of hormone divided by structure
-
-Steroids
-Protein hormones - what is the structure of a steroid and give some examples
-
-lipid based hormones
-Cortisol,estrogen,
testosterone - How does a steroid get into the cells of its target tissue?
- the lipid based hormone can get directly through the phospholipid bylayer of the plasma membrane
- what process do steroids stimulate in the cell?
- protein synthesis to create ensymes and building blocks
- Where does transcription occur in the cell?
- within the nucleus
- where does translation occur in the cell?
- in the ribosomes
- What is the structure of protein based hormones and give some examples?
-
-Amino acid based
-thyroxin,oxytocin,insulin - What structure within the nucleus do steroids use during protein synthesis?
- DNA
- What is the pathway of a protein hormone for its activation of a cell
- hormone is received by glycoprotien on surface of cell, this triggers the release of the G-protein,theis triggers the cAMP,cAMP triggers the specific enzyme
- where does oxytocin come from and what is its target tissue?
-
-Posterior pituitary
-uterus and mamory glands - What is the main function of the Endocrine system
- It maintains homeostasis
- how are hormones transported and where are they transported to
- they are transported by the blood and taken to their target cell
- define Target Cell/organ
- The Cell or organ that have the receptors for that specific hormone
- define receptor
- glycoprotein in cell membrane that combines with specific hormone and triggers activity in cell.
- What are the functions of hormones
- regulate the rate of an activity of target cell
- what are the two methods of action of how the hormone get its message to the cell
-
-2nd Messenger Theory(fixed-membrane-receptor mechanism)
-Gene Activation(mobile-receptor mechanism) - Which method of action do Protein hormones utilize?
- 2nd Messenger Theory- they are not soluble in lipids therefore can't pass through the membrane.
- Which method of action do steroids use?
- Gene Activation- they are lipid based and can pass through the membrane easily.
- What is the chain of events involved in the Gene Activation method of hormone reaction in a cell?
- Steroid enters cell and combines with receptor in nucleus-activates gene-transcription-mRNA-ribosome-translation-specific enzyme produced-catalyzes specific reaction
- What methods of control are used to determine the secretion of hormones?
- Negative feedback and Positive feedback
- what is negative feedback?
- The inverse relationship between desired effect and production of hormones. Most hormones regulated this way.
- What is positive feedback?
- An increase in hormone causes a direct increase in the secretion of the same hormone.
- Give some example of a hormone that is regulated by negative feedback.
- ADH, Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortico Steroids
- Give some example of a hormone that is regulated by positive feedback
- Oxytocin,
- name the gland located inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella turcica.
- The Pituitary Gland
- Name the two sections of the Pituitary gland.
- the Anterior pituitary(Adenohypophysis) and the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
- What kind of tissue does the Adenohypophysis derive from in the embryo?
- it derives from endoderm the same as other gland in the body.
- What are Regulating factors?
- the chemicals released by the hypothalamus that tells the Adenohypophysis when to release or inhibit the release hormones.
- What are the two different types of regulating factors released by the Hypothalamus?
- Inhibiting Factors and Releasing Factors
- What is the function of the inhibiting factors released by the hypothalamus.
- the inhibiting factors inhibit the release of their specific hormone by the adenohypophosis.
- What is the function of releasing factors released by the hypothalamus?
- the releasing factors stimulate the release of their specific hormone by the adenohypophosis.
- List the steps that take place when a hormone is release by the adenohypophysis.
- Hypothalamus-releases regulating factors-carried through blood vessels to adenohypophysis-specific hormone is release or inhibited-it travels in blood to target cell.
- give an example of a hormone and its regulating factors.
- Prolactin-Prolactin Inhibiting Factor-Prolactin Releasing Factor
- How many hormones are produced by the Adenohypophysis.
- Seven hormones.
- Name the hormones from the Adenohypophysis that have non-endocrine targets.
- Human Growth Hormone-Prolactin-Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone.
- Name the function and target tissue of Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
- Bones, Muscles, Liver, Cartilage. It stimulates somatic growth.
- What happens when not enough HGH is release during development?
- Pituitary Dwarfism in Children.
- What happens when too much HGH is released during development?
- Gigantism in Children and acromegaly in adults.
- Name the function and target tissue of Prolactin?
- Mamary glands-stimulates production of milk after childbirth.
- Name the function and target tissue of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Melanocytes(pigmented cells in skin)-Stimulate production of melanin (darker Skin) to protect DNA from the effects of the sun.
- Name the Hormones released by the Adenohypophysis with Endocrine Targets (Tropic Hormones)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)-Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)-Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
- Name the function and target tissue of Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Thyroid Gland-Stimulates production of thyroxin (controls metabolism/other organs)
- Name the function and target tissue of Adrenocorticotropic Horone (ACTH)
- Cortex of adrenal gland-stimulates production of glucocorticoids.
- Name the function and target tissue of follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)in the female.
- Ovaries-Stimulates growth of follicle and production of ovum and the production of estrogen.
- Name the function and target tissue of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in the male.
- testes-Stimulates growth and production of sperm.
- Name the function and target tissue of Luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female.
- Ovary-stimulates release of the egg (ovulation).
- Name the function and target tissue of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the male.
- Interstitial cells of the Testis-Stimulates production of testosterone.
- What is the Latin name for the Posterior Lobe of pituitary.
- Neurohypophysis
- What kind of tissue did the Neurohypophysis originate from in the embryo.
- The neurohypophysis derived from the ectoderm which is the tissue that other nervous tissue derived from.
- How the hypothalamus control the Posterior pituitary?
- Hypothalamus-nerve impulse-posterior pituitary-releases hormones-blood vessels-target cells.
- what are two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
- Oxytocin-Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)