Test III

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Whenever an electrically charged object is accelereated, it produces _____________.: electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation: a wave of energy that travels at the speed of light
light: can behave as a wave or as a particle. amplitude relates to brightness
magnetic field is_________: perpendicular to the electric field. always perpedicular to the direction of the wave
the shorter the wave lenght_________: the higher the frequency
the longer the wave lenght_______: the lower the frequency
gama rays: highest energy
at the top of the spectrum
smallest wave lenght
used to destroy canerous cells
x-rays: less energy
can go through skin but not bone
breaks bons between atoms
UV rays: can change DNA
just above the visible light
causes skin cancer
Infrared: less energy than visible light
heat radiation
emmitted by all warm objects
microwaves: short radio waves
radiowaves: the longest wave lenght
less energy
visible light: the smallest part of the spectrum, white light-all colors of light. The color of light that is not absorbed
cones: helps animals depict color
rods: helps pick up light
When light hits an object______: 1. absorbed or reflected
2. absorbed and re-emmitted at a lower wave lenght
3. excites electrons
transmission: electromagnetic waves pass right through matter. The wave may be slowed down. the direction of the wave may be changed
absorption: the electromagnetic wave soaks up the matter, then converts into heat
scattering: electromagnetic wave is absorbed and then re-emmitted.
diffuse scattering: scattered back in all directions
reflection scattering: the waves are re-emmitted at the same angle as the orignal wave
atom: the smallest piece of matter, smallest part of an element that can still be identified as an element
element: matter consisting of all the smae kind of atoms, can't be broken down
molecule: two or more atoms which are bonded together.
Medelyve: came up with the first periodic table, calssified all elements by their chemical properties
Lavoisier: founder of modern chemistry, cames up with the law of conservation of matter
The law of conservation of matter: any kind of chemical reaction, the sum of the mass of the reactions equals the sum of the mass of the products
Dalton: came up with the first atomic model, The billiard ball model, thought of atoms as little balls, all atoms of the same element have the same unique mass and the same unique property
J.J Thomson: said Dalton was wrong about the atoms being hard and indestructable, atoms could be broken down, discovered electrons
Rutherford: discovered two types of radio active decay, alphaparticles and beta, #protons=#electrons
alphaparticles: heavy positive charge, go through paper, foil, clothing
beta: light, negitive charge
Planck: radiant energy comes in discreat amounts or packets, thought of quantam
Quantam theory: the study of motion that comes in small packets
Bohr: took physics and combined it with light and came up with his own atom model
orbital model
The shell or orbital model: the nuecleaus is small and compact, the orbits of the electrons are circular
spectroscopy: what gives fireworks their color
de Broglie: particles of matter have wave properties
K orbit: 2 electrons
L orbit: 8 electrons
M orbit: 1-8 electrons
N orbit: 1-18 electrons
quantam leap: when an electron goes from one orbit to another
quanta: small bundle of light
Enienstein: used Plancks concept to explain the energy of electrons. the energy of the electrons depends on the frequency of radiation
Heisenberg: came up with the uncertaninty principle, it's impossible to pin point the loctation of an electron at any time. came up with probability
probability: the probability of an electron being at a specific spot at anytime
Who came up with the periodic table?: Medelyve and Myer
the periodic table: if you take all the elements starting with the least mass to those with the most mass, you will see reaccuring chemical and physical properties
Mosley: came up with the modern periodic table, discovered that identitiy of the elements are a function of their atomic number
atomic mass: the # of protons and the # of neutrons
What are the properties of the periodic table?: medals
non-medals
semi-conductors
noble gases
medals: conduct heat and electricity
ductile: they can be drawn out into a thin wire
malable: they can be hammered into thin sheets
non-medals: poor conductors of heat and energy
not ductile or malable
gases
semi-conductors: semi conduct
sometimes conduct electric current
sometimes act as an insulator
noble gases: gases at ordinary temps
unreactive: they don't react with anything
halogens: all highly reactive non-medals
have a color and are toxic
reactivity: how likely are they to form chemical bonds with the other elements
chemical bonds: the sharing or exchange of electrons in the outter most shell of the atoms
valence electrons: in the outter shell, chemical bond in the attraction between atoms produced by the transfer or sharing of electrons
types of chemicals bonds: ionic
covalent
metallic
ionic: electron transfer, 1 atom donates an electron, the other atom accepts the electron
covalent: electrons are shared
single covalent bonds: one pair of electrons is shared between the atoms
non-polar: no charge, sharing equally
polar: electrons shared unequally
saturated covalent bonds: a molecule having only single covalent bonds
unsaturated covalent bonds: a molecule having double or triple covalent bonds
metallic bonds: the valence electrons are shared by all atoms as a whole, the electrons are lose and free to move
alloy: 2 or more elements combined by metallic bonds
chemical attractions: van der walls forces
hydrogen
van der walls forces: a non specific attractive force
exists between any 2 atoms or molecules
hydrogen: form between an atom that is covalently bonded to oxygen or Nitrogen and some other atom which tends to have a negitive charge
chemical reactions: oxidation
precipitation
poly
depoly
oxidation: reduction, loss of an electron and gain of an electron
precipitation: solution, the water evaporates, solids are left and water is added
poly: many parts, linking many small molecules together
depoly: breaking down a complex molecule into smaller molecules
properties of materials: strenght
chemical
physical
electrical
magnetic
strenght: the ability of a solid to resist changes in chape as directly relatedto the size of a force, it can generate when an outside force is applied to it
types of strenght: compressive: the ability to withstand crushing
tensile: the ability to withstand pulling apart
sheer: ability to withstand twisting
composite materials: 2 or more materials combined
physical: a characteristic that can be observed without changing the identity of the matter, a change in size, shape, or state
chemical: traits or characteristics that depend on the reaction of the material to form other materials (burning)
electrical: all due to the atoms, electrons, and how they are bonded. Any material capable of carrying an electric current. the electrons have to be able to flow freely
magnetic: weather or not the material has a magnetic field

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