physio ch 2
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- atomic number 1
- H hydrogen
- atomic number 6
- C carbon
- atomic number 7
- N nitrogen
- atomic number 8
- O oxygen
- atomic number 11
- Na sodium
- atomic number 12
- Mg magnesium
- atomic number 15
- P phosphorus
- atomic number 16
- S sulfur
- atomic number 17
- Cl chlorine
- atomic number 19
- K potassium
- atomic number 20
- Ca calcium
- what are the 4 major essential lelements
- CHON
- what does a lack of iodine in the diet cause
- low thyroid hormone production
- what does a deficiency of chromium in the body cause (not proven)
- DM
- what does the atomic number signify
- the number of protons
- what does atomic mass signify
- # of protons plus # of neutrons
- what is Cr
- chromium, atomic number 24
- what is an isotope
- a single element that has variations with different numbers of neutrons
- what's a radioisotope
- unstable isotopes that emit energy in the form of radiation
- what is the field of dx and tx of disease using radioisotopes
- nuclear medicine
- what is an energy level or shell?
- where the electrons live in the atom.
- which energy level is the lowest, closest or furthest from nucleus?
- closest (think of runners on a track)
- how is an energy level broken down?
- into sublevels (spdf) and those into orbitals
- how many electrons can an orbital hold?
- 2 max
- what is the most stable elctron configuration for an element
- when all the orbitals in the outer shell (valence) are filled with electrons
- what's a high energy electron
- an electron that jumps up one+ energy levels, unstable, eventually falls back to stable config, releasing energy
- what happens with unpaired electrons in an orbital
- they tend to either gain or lose an electron to pair up
- what are chemical bonds?
- transfer of sharing of electrons between atoms, creating MOLECULES
- what's the difference between a molecule and a compound
- compound contains >1 element
- how is molecular weight calculated
- atomic mass x # of atoms.
- what are the 2 strong types of chemical bonds
- covalent and ionic
- what are the 2 weak types of chemical bonds
- hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces
- what is a covalent bond
- 2 atoms sharing a pair of electrons (1 from each). require energy to break bonds. most prevalent bond.
- what is a double bond?
- if adjacent atoms share 2 pairs x electronis instead of just 1
- what is a functional group
- atom combos that occur repeatedly, move as a unit, attach with single covalent bond
- what's a hydroxyl group
- -OH functional group
- what's a carboxyl acid
- -COOH functional group
- what's an amino group
- -NH2
- what's a phosphate group?
- -H2PO4
- what is a free radical
- molecule, 1+ unpaired electron in valence, steals 1 from another atom, leaving it unpaired, and so on. can disrupt normal cell function.
- what is an antioxidant
- molecule, gives electron to free radical without becoming one.
- what are common molecular shapes
- chain (acids), ring (glucose), double helix (dna)
- what's a polar molecule
- electrons spend > time c 1 atom in molecule --> slightly more (-), leaving the other atom/s more (+). overall molecule = neutral. DISSOLVE IN WATER.
- what elements tend to cause polarity
- nitrogen and oxygen
- what is an ion (and 2 names)
- charged atom. (+) = cation. (-) = anion
- what is an ionic bond? name one.
- chemical bond between cation and anion. Na+Cl-
- 5 important cations of body
- Na+, K+, Ca++, H+, Mg++
- 4 important anions of body
-
Cl- (chloride),
HCO3-(bicarb),
HPO4-- (phosphate),
SO4-- (sulfate) - do non-ionic atoms of the important cations exist in the body? (Na, Ca....)
- ask Dr. Chu
- what is a hydrogen bond (& what elements are involved)
- atom of hydrogen bonding to another atom (oxygen, nitrogen, flourine) intra or inter-molecular
- atomic number 9
- F flourine
- what causes surface tension of water
- hydrogen bond
- what are van der waals bond
- weakest bond, between 1 atom's nucleus and another's electrons; work with hydrogen bonds to hold chon's together
- solutes, solvents, solution
- solute dissolved by solvent in solution
- what's the basic chemical formula for a carb
- (ch2o)n
- what's the chemical formula for glucose
- C6H12O6
- what does -ose signify
- simple sugar
- what are the 2 types of simple sugars
- monosaccharides and disaccharides
- what are the building blox of complex carbs
- monosaccharides
- how many carbons do monosaccharides have
- 5 or 6
- name 4 monosax
- ribose, glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose
- name 3 disax
- maltose, lactose, sucrose
- what's a polysaccharide
- large molecule made of glucose molecules joined together
- what's a large molecule made up of repeating units
- polymer
- what's the difference between polysaccharides
- the manner the glucose molecules are linked
- all living cells store ______ for energy
- glucose in the form of a polysaccharide
- what is the animal cell storage polysaccharide
- glycogen
- where is glycogen found
- in all animal cells, q tissue in body
- what are the 2 forms of polysax that plants make
- cellulose (structure) starch (storage)
- all orangic molecules contain
- carbon
- biomolecules are
- organic molecules in living things
- what is the most abundant biomolecule
- carbs
- what is the most diverse biomolecule
- lipids
- what are the 4 types of lipids
- true lipids, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
- what's glycerol
- simple 3-carbon molecule
- what's a fatty acid
- long carbon chain molecule bound to hydrogens with carboxyl (-cooh) group at one end of chain
- what's a saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds between carbons
- what's a monosaturated fatty acid
- one double bond between carbons in the molecule
- what's a polyunsaturated fatty acid
- more than 1 double bond between carbons in the molecule
- what's a monoglyceride
- fatty acid linked to glycerol
- what's a triglyceride
- triacylglycerol - most important lipid in body, 90% are in this form. high level is predictor of artery disease
- what's a phospholipid
- diglyceride with phosphate attached to the single carbon that lacks a fatty acid
- what's a steroid
- lipid related molecule with 4 linked carbon rings. made of cholesterol. part of cell membrane.
- what's an eicosanoid
- modified 20-carbon fatty acid. mainly thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostoglandins. regulate various physiological functions
- what's the most versatile biomolecule
- proteins
- what are proteins made of
- amino acids
- what's an amino acid
- central carbon atom linked to hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group and R group
- what's the R group
- variable in proteins
- what are essential amino acids
- 9 amino acids tha tmust be obtained from diet
- what is the major dietary source of nitrogen
- protein
- are there amino acids that aren't part of proteins
- yes homocsteine, GABA, creatine
- what's a peptide bond
- linked amino acids (2 to 9)
- what's a polypeptide
- 10 - 100 amino acids linked together
- what's a protein
- 100+ amino acids
- what's the primary structure of a protein
- the sequence of amino acids
- what's the 2ndary structure of a protein
- spacial arrangement of the amino acids in the chain
- what's the tertiary structure of a protein
- 3 dimensional shape
- what are te 2 shape classifications of proteins
- globular (ball-like) or fibrous (sheets or chains wound around each other)
- what's a quaternary structure of a protein
- more than 1 polypeptide chain (multiple subunits)
- what is gamma radiation
- high energy waves that penetrate matter deeply like xrays
- what is RNA polymerase
- enzyme needed for synthesis of mRNA from DNA
- what's a conjugated protein
- molecules of protein combines with either lipid or carbohydrate
- what's a prostaglandin
- lipid derived molecules that act as physiological regulators
- what's ribose
- a pentose sugar
- what's a beta-pleated sheet
- sheet like structure formed from some chains of amino acids
- FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
- molecule that captures and transfers energy with high energy electrons
- surface tension of water
- hydrogen bonds between water molecules that make it difficult to separate them
- eicosanoid
- modified 20-carbon fatty acids that act as regulators of physiological functions
- NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide)
- molecule that captures and transfers energy with high-energy electrons
- solute
- molecules that dissove in solvent to make solution
- galactose
- hexose monosaccharide
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- nucleotide, stores genetic info in nucleus
- cortisol
- steroid hormone from adrenal cortex. regulates metabolism, esp during stress
- monounsaturated fatty acid
- fatty acid with one double bond