USMLE First Aid Classic Findings
Classic findings section from First Aid for the USMLE step I
Terms
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- Antigliadin antibodies
- Celiac disease
- Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility
- Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin deficit)
- Elastic skin
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
- Glioblastoma multiforme
- Reiter's syndrome
- Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
- t(14;18)
- Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
- Pseudorosettes
- Ewing's sarcoma
- No lactation postpartum
- Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
- "Brown tumor" of bone
- Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease)
- Charcot-Leyden crystals
- Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes)
- Spitz nevus
- Benign juvenile melanoma
- Chancroid
- Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)
- Cori's disease
- Debranching enzyme deficiency
- Occupational exposure to asbestos
- Malignant mesothelioma
- Honeycomb lung on x-ray
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Burkitt's lymphoma
- 8:14 translocation; associated with EBV
- Trousseau's sign
- Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
- Curschmann's spirals
- Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
- Currant-jelly sputum
- Klebsiella
- Janeway lesions
- Endocarditis
- Huntington's disease
- Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)
- Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)
- SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
- Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
- Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)
- Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
- Sarcoidosis
- Depigmentation of neurons in
- Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder--rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
- Aschoff bodies
- Rheumatic fever
- Podocyte fusion
- Minimal change disease
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Alzheimer's disease
- Curling's ulcer
- Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
- Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility
- Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)
- Wermer's syndrome
- MEN type I
- WBC casts in urine
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Wilson's disease
- Hepatolenticular degeneration
- Virchow's triad
- Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation)
- Wallenberg's syndrome
- PICA thrombosis
- t(8;14)
- Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
- HLA-DR3 or -DR4
- Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells)
- Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos +
- Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
- Budd-Chiari syndrome
- Posthepatic venous thrombosis
- Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Lewy bodies
- Parkinson's disease
- Burton's lines
- Lead poisoning
- McBurney's sign
- Appendicitis
- Addison's disease
- 1° adrenocortical deficiency
- Clear cell adenocarcinoma of
- DES exposure in utero
- Intussusception
- Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's patches)
- Charcot's triad
- Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever)
- Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
- Gout
- HLA-B27
- Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis
- Anti-epithelial cell antibodies
- Pemphigus vulgaris
- Cold agglutinins
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis
- Tophi
- Gout
- Roth's spots in retina
- Endocarditis
- Eburnation
- Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
- Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
- Endocarditis
- Call-Exner bodies
- Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary
- McArdle's disease
- Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
- "Smudge cell"
- CLL
- Sheehan's syndrome
- Postpartum pituitary necrosis
- "Chocolate cysts"
- Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
- Pancoast's tumor
- Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome
- Berger's disease
- IgA nephropathy
- Anti-IgG antibodies
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Myxedema
- Hypothyroidism
- Osler's nodes
- Endocarditis
- Zenker's diverticulum
- Upper GI diverticulum
- Ghon focus
- 1° TB
- "Tram-track" appearance on LM
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- Job's syndrome
- Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
- Smith antigen
- SLE
- Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia
- Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)—vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
- Reid index (increased)
- Chronic bronchitis
- Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss
- Alport's syndrome
- Kartagener's syndrome
- Dynein defect
- Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl )
- CML (may sometimes be associated with AML)
- Caisson disease
- Gas emboli
- Renal epithelial casts in urine
- Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
- Schiller-Duval bodies
- Yolk sac tumor
- HbF
- Thalassemia major
- Eisenmenger's complex
- Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L → R shunt becomes R → L shunt)
- Lines of Zahn
- Arterial thrombus
- Koplik spots
- Measles
- hCG elevated
- Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
- Alport's syndrome
- Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
- Positive anterior "drawer sign"
- Anterior cruciate ligament injury
- Lucid interval
- Epidural hematoma
- D-dimers
- DIC
- Waxy casts
- Chronic end-stage renal disease
- Auer rods
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)
- Senile plaques
- Alzheimer's disease
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome
- Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
- Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
- Chronic progressive histiocytosis
- Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
- Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor)
- Bence Jones proteins
- Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
- Bartter's syndrome
- Hyperreninemia
- Fanconi's syndrome
- Proximal tubular reabsorption defect
- Henoch-Schönlein purpura
- Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs
- Raynaud's syndrome
- Recurrent vasospasm in extremities
- Pannus
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Branching rods in oral infection
- Actinomyces israelii
- Bloody tap on LP
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
- Syphilis—overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis
- Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
- Defect in platelet aggregation
- Howell-Jolly bodies
- Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen)
- Red urine in the morning
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- Erb-Duchenne palsy
- Superior trunk brachial plexus injury ("waiter's tip")
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
- Benign polyposis
- S3
- Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Idiopathic polyneuritis
- Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema
- Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
- Erythema chronicum migrans
- Lyme disease
- Lisch nodules
- Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
- Café-au-lait spots on skin
- Neurofibromatosis
- "Strawberry tongue"
- Scarlet fever
- Libman-Sacks disease
- Endocarditis associated with SLE
- Chvostek's sign
- Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
- Reed-Sternberg cells
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Mallory bodies
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Negri bodies
- Rabies
- Buerger's disease
- Small/medium-artery vasculitis
- "Pink puffer"
- Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
- Sézary syndrome
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
- Sipple's syndrome
- MEN type IIa
- Monoclonal antibody spike
- Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
- Painless jaundice
- Pancreatic cancer (head)
- Cerebriform nuclei
- Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
- Cherry-red spot on macula
- Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion
- Owl's eye
- CMV
- Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
- Pseudogout
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
- Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia
- Gilbert's syndrome
- Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
- Codman's triangle on x-ray
- Osteosarcoma
- WBCs in urine
- Acute cystitis
- Sulfur granules
- Actinomyces israelii
- "Wire loop" appearance on LM
- Lupus nephropathy
- Cold intolerance
- Hypothyroidism
- Pick's disease
- Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's
- Homer Wright rosettes
- Neuroblastoma
- Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
- Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and glomerular disease)
- Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
- Rubella
- Podagra
- Gout (MP joint of hallux)
- Dressler's syndrome
- Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome
- Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
- Dog or cat bite
- Pasteurella multocida
- HbS
- Sickle cell anemia
- Albuminocytologic dissociation
- Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑ in cell count)
- Actinic keratosis
- Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma
- Becker's muscular dystrophy
- Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's
- Blue-domed cysts
- Fibrocystic change of the breast
- Chancre
- 1° syphilis (not painful)
- Cushing's ulcer
- Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
- Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
- Wernicke's encephalopathy
- S4
- Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- HGPRT deficiency
- Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
- Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
- Anti-basement membrane antibodies
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles)
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- Calf pseudohypertrophy
- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers
- Bruton's disease
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza
- Measles
- Thyroidization of kidney
- Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
- Rash on palms and soles
- 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Parkinson's disease
- Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
- Fatty liver
- Alcoholism
- Baker's cyst in popliteal fossa
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Starry-sky pattern
- Burkitt's lymphoma
- Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections
- Cystic fibrosis
- Cowdry type A bodies
- Herpesvirus
- Low serum ceruloplasmin
- Wilson's disease
- Arachnodactyly
- Marfan's syndrome
- Gowers' maneuver
- Duchenne's (use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off the floor)
- Keratin pearls
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- C-ANCA, P-ANCA
- Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa
- Hypertension + hypokalemia
- Conn's syndrome
- Increased uric acid levels
- Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics
- von Recklinghausen's disease of bone
- Osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor")
- High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
- Heberden's nodes
- Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteophytes)
- Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks
- Henoch-Schönlein purpura
- Antiplatelet antibodies
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- "Orphan Annie" nuclei
- Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
- Kussmaul hyperpnea
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
- Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive)
- Virchow's node
- Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
- Gaucher's disease
- Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
- Argyll Robertson pupil
- Neurosyphilis
- Chédiak-Higashi disease
- Phagocyte deficiency
- Nutmeg liver
- CHF
- "Worst headache of my life"
- Berry aneurysm—associated with adult polycystic kidney disease
- t(9;22)
- Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
- Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Horner's syndrome
- Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
- Rouleaux formation (RBCs)
- Multiple myeloma
- Donovan bodies
- Granuloma inguinale
- Periosteal elevation on x-ray
- Pyogenic osteomyelitis
- Streaky ovaries
- Turner's syndrome
- Skip lesions
- Crohn's
- Antihistone antibodies
- Drug-induced SLE
- Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca
- Sjögren's syndrome
- Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
- Chagas' disease
- Lytic bone lesions on x-ray
- Multiple myeloma
- Chagas' disease
- Trypanosome infection
- Soap bubble on x-ray
- Giant cell tumor of bone
- Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
- Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH
- Albright's syndrome
- Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins
- Cheyne-Stokes respirations
- Central apnea in CHF and ↑ intracranial pressure
- Anticentromere antibodies
- Scleroderma (CREST)
- Birbeck granules on EM
- Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
- Blue sclera
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Dubin-Johnson syndrome
- Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
- Krukenberg tumor
- Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
- Boutonnière deformity
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Antineutrophil antibodies
- Vasculitis
- Reinke crystals
- Leydig cell tumor
- Edwards' syndrome
- Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease
- Russell bodies
- Multiple myeloma
- Whipple's disease
- Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii
- Condylomata lata
- 2° syphilis
- Ferruginous bodies
- Asbestosis
- Pompe's disease
- Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly
- Babinski's sign
- UMN lesion
- RBC casts in urine
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Pott's disease
- Vertebral tuberculosis
- Pick bodies
- Pick's disease
- Hypersegmented neutrophils
- Macrocytic anemia
- Sjögren's syndrome
- Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
- Peyronie's disease
- Penile fibrosis
- Subepithelial humps on EM
- Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- Esophagogastric lacerations
- MLF syndrome (INO)
- Multiple sclerosis
- Gardner's syndrome
- Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
- "Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
- Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Slapped cheeks
- Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
- Tabes dorsalis
- 3° syphilis
- Koilocytes
- HPV
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Sphingomyelinase deficiency
- Basophilic stippling of RBCs
- Lead poisoning
- Heterophil antibodies
- Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
- String sign on x-ray
- Crohn's disease
- "Blue bloater"
- Chronic bronchitis
- Shwartzman reaction
- Neisseria meningitidis
- "Bamboo spine" on x-ray
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Hypochromic microcytosis
- Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning
- Bell's palsy
- LMN CN VII palsy
- Crescents in Bowman's capsule
- Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
- Bouchard's nodes
- Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to osteophytes)
- Cotton-wool spots
- Chronic hypertension
- Thumb sign on lateral x-ray
- Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
- Port-wine stain
- Hemangioma
- Rib notching
- Coarctation of aorta
- Xanthochromia (CSF)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Hyperpigmentation of skin
- 1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
- Brushfield's spots
- Down syndrome
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men)
- "Fat, female, forty, and fertile"
- Acute cholecystitis
- Kayser-Fleischer rings
- Wilson's disease
- Signet-ring cells
- Gastric carcinoma
- Continuous machinery murmur
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Autosplenectomy
- Sickle cell anemia
- Rotor's syndrome
- Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
- Bernard-Soulier disease
- Defect in platelet adhesion
- Spike and dome on EM
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Klüver-Bucy syndrome
- Bilateral amygdala lesions
- Chronic atrophic gastritis
- Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
- von Recklinghausen's disease
- Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait spots
- Clue cells
- Gardnerella vaginitis
- Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas
- von Hippel-Lindau disease
- Simian crease
- Down syndrome
- Heinz bodies
- G6PD deficiency
- Arnold-Chiari malformation
- Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
- "Hair-on-end" appearance on x-ray
- β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
- Antimitochondrial antibodies
- 1° biliary cirrhosis
- Councilman bodies
- Toxic or viral hepatitis