MWH Ch.15-16 Terms
World War II stuff
Terms
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- Weimar Republic
- Germany's new democratic government set up in 1919
- Adolf Hitler
- German Nazi dictator during World War II
- Nuremberg Laws
- restrictions on Jews; denied German citizenship and intermarrying with non-Jews
- Operation Torch
- US forced Germany out of Africa
- Axis Powers
- Germany, Italy, and Japan
- Final Stage
- Nazis built extermination camps for Jews
- Aryans
- Germanic people seen as the master race
- Atlantic Charter
- join declaration issued by Roosevelt and Churchill; upheld free trade and right to choose own government
- island hop
- MacArthur's plan to get past Japanese strongholds; seize islands not well defended but close to Japan
- lebensraum
- means "living space"; Hitler's idea that Germany needed to expand.
- Luftwaffe
- German air force
- nonaggression pact
- agreement between Germany and Russia never to attack each other
- Cubism
- founded by Picasso; transformed natural shapes into geometric forms
- Jazz
- new popular music style emerging in postwar United States; lively, loose beat captured the new freedom of the age
- Battle of El Alamein
- Montgomery sent to aid British forces in North Africa; Rommel and forces fell back
- Neutrality Acts
- illegal to send/lend to nations at war
- ghettos
- segragated Jewish areas
- Nuremberg Trials
- Nazi leaders put on trial and charged with waging war of aggression
- Charles de Gaulle
- set up government-in-exile in London after France fell
- Charles Lindbergh
- American pilot in 33-hour flight from New York to Paris
- isolationism
- belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided
- Battle of Britain
- Luftwaffe bombed British cities; British resistance during battle forced Hitler to call off attacks
- Third Reich
- Hitler's German Empire
- Mein Kampf
- means "my struggle"; book written by Hitler about struggles in prison
- Benito Mussolini
- Italian fascist dictator
- Nisei
- Japanese-Americans; considered a threat and forced into internment camps during WWII
- Erwin Rommel
- German general who led the Afrika Korps in North Africa
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- American general; commander of enormous force in Europe
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- German philosopher who influenced existentialists; wrote that Western ideas stifled creativity; focused on ancient heroic values
- Battle of Guadalcanal
- "Island of Death"
- Franz Kafka
- Czech-born; eerie novels feature people caught in threatening situations
- Dawes Plan
- $200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German economy
- Operation Barbarossa
- Hitler's plan to invade Russia; set up bases in Balkans
- D-Day
- (June 6, 1994) "Operation Overlord"; largest land and sea attack in history; Allied invasion of Normandy
- Franklin Roosevelt
- first president after Depression; sought to restore American faith in its nation
- Pearl Harbor
- (Dec. 7, 1941) Japanese attack on US fleets stationed in Hawaii; prompted US to declare war on Japan and its Axis allies
- Surrealism
- art movement linking the world of dreams with real life; inspired by Freud's ideas
- Amelia Earhart
- American pilot; first woman to fly solo across Atlantic
- William Butler Yeats
- Irish poet; wrote "The Second Coming" about dark times ahead
- Francisco Franco
- Spain's fascist dictator
- existentialism
- belief that there is no universal meaning to life; meaning in life is created through choices people make
- Battle of Midway
- turned the tide of war in Pacific
- Britain, France, and Scandanavia
- only countries in Europe that retained democracy after Depression
- Kristallnacht
- "Night of Broken Glass"; attack on Jewish communities
- Popular Front
- moderates, socialists, and communists formed coalition in response to Depression; passed series of reforms to help the workers
- blitzkrieg
- means "lightning war"; Hitler's strategy for invading Poland; fast-pace war to take enemy defenders by surprise and quickly overwhelm them
- theory of relativity
- theory which states that space and time change when measured relative to an object
- Great Depression
- started with the Stock Market Crash; the collapse of American and world econonomies
- Treaty of Locarno
- France and Germany agreed not to make war and to respect borders of France and Belgium; Germany admitted to League of Nations
- aftermath of WWII
- Europe in ruins, millions died, bombing destroyed cities, countryside destroyed, displaced people left homeless
- Final Solution
- Hitler's plan of genocide
- Douglas MacArthur
- commander of Allied forces in Pacific
- genocide
- systematic killing of an entire people
- T.S. Eliot
- American poet in England; described postwar world as a barren wasteland drained of hope and faith
- Nazism
- policies formed German brand of fascism
- coalition government
- temporary alliance of several parties to form a parliamentary majority
- Lend-Lease Act
- lend arms to nations vital to US
- democratization
- process of creating a government elected by the people
- Winston Churchill
- British prime minister during World War II
- Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact
- countries pledged to renounce war as instrument of national policy
- New Deal
- program of government to reform American economic system after the Depression; large public works to provide jobs for unemployed; welfare and relief programs
- National Government
- British response to Depression; multiparty coalition passed tariffs, increased taxes, and regulated currency
- demilitarization
- disbanding the Japanese armed forces
- VE Day
- victory in Europe; Germany's surrender officially signed in Berlin
- collapse of US economy
- uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction of businesses and agriculture, credit debt
- kamikazes
- Japanese suicide pilots
- Isoroku Yamamoto
- Japan's greatest naval strategist called for attack on US fleet in Hawaii
- Fascism
- militant political movement emphasized loyalty to state and its leader
- Munich Conference
- meeting held in Munich to keep the peace; Hitler gained Sudetenland as a result
- Battle of Coral Sea
- US stopped Japan's southward advance
- Hitler Youth
- indoctrinate children to educate them as true good German citizens; very militaristic
- James Joyce
- Irish-born author; used stream-of-consciousness in novel Ulysses
- Albert Einstein
- German-born physicist; offered new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter
- Calais
- make-believe army attacked this city to distract Hitler from the armies mobilizing for D-Day
- Doolittle's raid
- bombing of Tokyo and other Japanese cities; raised American morale
- antisemitism
- hatred for Jews; key part in Nazi ideology; blamed Jews for troubles after WWI
- Sigmund Freud
- Austrian physician; believed human behavior is irrational (unconscious)
- Emma Goldman
- spoke out for greater freedom for women; arrested for speaking about birth control
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- atomic bombs dropped on both Japanese cities killing thousands; Japan's surrender followed
- appeasement
- giving in to an aggressor to keep peace