History Final Cumulative Term lists
Terms
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- plato
- distrusted democracy, set up the academy, ideal society consisted of workers, soldiers, and ruling philosophers
- Monasticism
- the idea of living in a monastery and devoting your life to prayer
- Charlemagne
- empire of rome, had an alliance with the pope
- enlightened despots
- absolute rulers that used their power to bring about social change
- Charles V
- in the reformation, called for Luther to give up his opinions, but he Luther does not recant
- Oliver Cromwell
- puritan general of the round-heads, is for parliament, gets Charles I killed
- sepoys
- indian troops used by the british to attack other indians
- Punic wars
- rome vs. carthage, rome creates an army and defeats carthage
- Hellenistic age
- a time of mixing with greek and persian culture
- encomienda system
- the right to demand labor or tribute from native americans
- social contract
- an agreement for which people gave up their freedom for an orderly society
- Pericles
- leader of Athens after the persian wars, lead a direct democracy, met with the council of 500
- reconquista
- christian attempt to drive muslims out of spain
- Magyars
- settled in hungary, and took over eastern europe
- English Bill of rights
- ensures that parliament has power over the monarchy
- Tiberius Gracchi
- Agrarian Bill, 320 acre max. farm, redistributed the extra land, is assassinated
- Voltaire
- wrote on inequality, injustice, and superstition, held in the bastille twice and was outlawed from Paris
- predestination
- the idea that god has already chosen who goes to heaven and who goes to hell
- John Locke
- believes that people are moral and reasonable, believed in natural rights
- Bartolome de Las Casas
- spanishman, who spoke out against the encomienda system
- wollstonecraft
- rallied for equal education of women
- McCartney Mission
- to start trade with china and england, McCartney angers the emperor
- cape of good hope
- the tip of south africa, that you can see india from
- aristotle
- favored rule by a single leader, golden mean (moderate path between extremes)
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- the treaty that gave half the world to portugal and half the world to spain
- kepler
- calculated the orbits of planets revolving around the sun
- the catholic reformation
- Pope Paul III's attempt to gain moral and stop Protestantism
- Louis XIV
- believed in his divine right, moved the fronde to versailles, strengthened royal power
- John Calvin
- wrote a book on his religious views, there are only saints and sinners in the world
- Moctezuma
- aztec emperor at the time of the conquering
- Gothic style
- larger windows, thinner walls, flying butress, taller and lighter
- Johann Gutenburg
- created the printing press
- viceroys
- representatives that rules provinces in the name of the spanish king
- Rousseau
- believed that people were naturally good, believed that society corrupted people, wrote books on government opression
- Cortes
- arranged alliances with tribes in South America to destroy the mayans
- absolutism
- the need for an absolute monarchy
- investiture controversy
- the idea that someone other than the pope can appoint clergymen to their offices
- Peace of Augsburg
- Charles V allowing german princes to choose which religion to run their country by
- peninsulares
- people born in spain
- socrates
- socratic method, questioned beliefs, was sentenced to death
- the commonwealth
- the outcome of the civil war, lead by oliver cromwell
- Estates General
- started by Phillip, had representatives from french nobleman, clergy, and townspeople
- Benedict of Nursia
- established benedictine rule, rules that governed all monastic life
- Gaius Gracchi
- grow grain and sell it to the poor for cheap, is assassinated
- Salvation by faith
- all you have to do is believe in Jesus and you are saved
- Sir Thomas Moore
- author of Utopia, describes the perfect society
- qing
- new dynasty run by the manchus, that was run by Confucian government
- Francis Bacon
- challenged the ideas of Aristotle, and scholarly tradition, emphasized experimentation and observation
- Scholasticism
- a method that used reason to support christian beliefs
- constitutionalism
- the idea that a government's ruling is defined by it's law
- Machiavelli
- wrote a guide on how rulers can maintain power, the ends justify the means,
- missionaries
- people that travel to countries to convert the people
- Isaac Newton
- formed the theory of gravity, the newtonian laws, calculus
- catholic schism
- at the time a number of popes could claim to be the real pope
- Diocletian
- divided the roman empire into two parts, and placed laws to dispel economic problems
- Jan van Eyck
- created teh portrait of the pregnant woman and the man with the mirror in the background
- humanism
- intellectual movement that focused on the classics, and worldly subjects
- Conquistadors
- spanish conquerors that destroyed and pillaged south america
- Henry VII
- broke from the church and started the Anglican church
- natural law
- governing rules natural forces; gravity, magnetism
- Peloponnesian Wars
- war between Sparta and Athens, or the delian league vs. the peloponnesian league, sparta wins against athens
- Client-patron relationship
- olden day mafia, plebeian asks for a favor from the head of a patrician family
- Montesquieu
- researched all types of government in history, detested the absolute monarchy, thought of separation of powers
- Christopher Columbus
- wanted to reach asia, reached south america and the bahamas
- Jean-Baptiste Colbert
- imposed mercantilist policies onto the economy, and put high tariffs on imported goods
- Bentham
- economy needs to be regulated by government
- Tenochtitlan
- the capital of the aztec empire
- mughal empire
- indian empire, empire established by muslim rulers, Portuguese hoped to take it over
- vasco de gama
- lead four ships around the cape of good hope, ten-month voyage, brought back a surplus of spices
- Inquisition
- a church court that tries people accused of heresy, many who did not comply were burned at the stake
- Thomas Hobbes
- believes that people are naturally cruel, greedy, and jealous, they must be strongly controlled
- scientific method
- a step by step process of discovery, uses reason and mathematical calculations
- Cons ileum Plebes
- plebeian assembly
- Diderot
- produced the encyclopedie, which head held articles about government and writings of philosophers
- Adam Smith
- capitalism, supply and demand, argued for a free market, ideas helped shape 18-1900s economy
- natural rights
- all humans have the right to life, liberty, and property
- Erasmus
- produced a greek edition of the bible, spread humanism to the public, called for a bible in the vernacular
- peons
- workers forced to work for a landlord in order to pay off debt
- Struggle for the orders
- plebeians vs. patricians, 494 plebeians walk out of the city, then patricians and plebeians are allowed to marry, tribunes are created,12 tablets are written
- Thucydides
- historian, wrote on the peloponnesian wars
- Francisco Pizarro
- interested in peru, took over the incas and killed their emperor
- Herodotus
- father of history, wrote on the persian wars
- boers
- dutch farmers that moved around cape town and killed or enslaved everyone in the region
- René Descartes
- challenged old ideas, emphasized human reasoning, I think therefore I am
- copernicus
- proposed that the universe is centered around the sun
- perspective
- revolutionary technique in renaissance art, allowed artists to create realistic scenes
- galileo
- compared the orbit of Jupiter's moons, to the orbit of earth around the sun
- Constantine
- issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious freedom to all roman citizens
- Atahualpa
- the incan emperor at the time of the conquering
- monopoly
- the exclusive control of a business or industry
- mulattoes
- people of african and european descent
- creoles
- american born descendants of spanish settlers
- mestizos
- people of native american and european descent
- philosophes
- a group of french thinkers that used science to fix problems in the government
- laissez faire
- the idea that business can operate with little or no government interference
- Ferdinand Magellan
- reached south america, found a strait and sailed through to the pacific
- Hundred years war
- Joan of arc leads the french vs. the english, english win, joan is burnt at the stake
- interdict
- when the papacy ostracizes an entire town or manor