HIST 122 Final Review
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- BATTLE OF BOUVINES
- King John of England badly beaten by French • Germany sided with England • John lost Normandy, the jewel of France • Duke of normandy is king of england • Philips conquest over John will give Capetians the right to the English throne
- BAILIFFS
- • Responsible for carrying out lords will • Responsible for collecting tax revenue for the King
- HUGH CAPET
- • King, elected by French Dukes • Weak, controlled by others
- PETER THE HERMIT
- • Led the Popular Crusade • Travelling preacher • Travelled on a donkey • Join us and go eastward to free city of jerusalem • Figurehead of leading the 45k people • Before people move on turks, ATTACK THE JEWS (responsible for crucifixion) • First act of mass violence on Jews • Jews slaughtered for Christ
- UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA
- Southern European model • Group of students came together and standard • Set the standards for how much to pay and requirements • Hired the teachers, paid salaries, fine or discharge professors • Fined professors for missing class/being a ****** prof • Profs prohibited from marriage • Students wanted to control quantity and quality of education • To study law
- UNIVERSITY OF PARIS
- Founded out of cathedral schools • Professors wanted more control over what was taught • Build around the interest of professors • 4 main goals o Power to negotiate with bishop o Set standards for the curriculum o Control requirements for entry into ranks of professors o Fees to be charged for instruction • Model for all northern European universities • Study theology
- PHILIP II
- • French King • Wanted to annul his wife • Interdicted • Double territory the king held • Quadrupled revenue of the French Crown
- INNOCENT III
- Called Albigensian crusade. Powerful pope. Expanded spiritual authority. Improved church's image. Involved church in European matter. Made the church the moral police. Interdicted France.
- URBAN II
- • Pope • Called the First Crusade at the Council of Clermon in 1095
- COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE
- Called by emperor not by the church • Effecting him so **** is going to go down • 3 main goals o Bring end of Schism and bring back a clear leader to papacy o Deal with heresy which was being widespread o Reform the church in its members • Never have a schism happen again
- MARRIAGE DIPLOMACY
- • Keep titles in family • Marry off children to gain land • Alfred of Wessex o Made anglo saxon family who have been previous rulers makes them marry his children o Thus he unites England
- FREDERICK II
- Stayed with Innocent III and raised within the church. Considered the pope's puppet. Gave away complete jurisdictional control to German nobles which set himself up for fail. Got excommunicated and went on a crusade to get Jerusalem back.
- BONIFACE VIII
- Powerful. Issued the Unam Sanctum against Philip IV, excommunicated him as well.
- NOBLES CRUSADE
- • Very organized • Well planned • The Elite, lords calling together Vassals • Retook Antioch 1098 & Jerusalem in 1099 • **** yeah! • Established Crusader Kingdoms • Sons of nobles got own land
- ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
- • Famous women in medieval history • Most wealthy and powerful women of the 12th century • Inherited Aquitaine • Married Louis VII • 4 daughters together • Marries Henry II and has 5 sons
- JOHN OF ENGLAND
- • Duke of normandy • Technically the French's vassal
- ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE
- • Most violent crusade, kill the cathars. Set the tone for the war that followed. Went to Albi and slaughtered them there. Hoped to removed all trace of the cathars from the earth. Cathars believed in two gods and the church didn't want anyone challenging its authority.
- BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE
- Vikings were defeated • Hadraada got killed
- DECRETUM
- Compilation of laws created by Gratian (monk that taught law in Italy, man of the church) that gave authority to the church. Laid out that all Western Christians were subject to the law of the church and the church had the authority to intervene on matters of religion, specifically matters of morality. Political tool for the church.
- ISABEL OF ANGOULEME
- • Phillip II and King John of England fought over • John kidnapped her • Phillip summoned John to court but he didn't show up • Does it again, still refuses • Phil declares john an outlaw and seized all his holdings in France, Battle of Bouvine ends conflict
- HENRY II OF ENGLAND
- Control of Normandy, Aquitaine. Extended jurisdiction of royal courts. Expanded income invoking feudal rights. All men living in England should be subject to English law. Thomas Becket.
- PEACE OF GOD
- First time the entire country of France agreed to follow a Capetian king's royal decree • Law that was passed under the churches influence • Attempt to stop some of the violence in Europe and France • Cant attack children/women/clergy! • Most importantly, required the French nobility to abide to the law •
- ADRIAN IV
- • Frederick I Barbarossa manipulated the election to get the Pope an ally and control him
- GREGORY VII
- Strong Pope. Great reformer. Key in the Investiture Controversy. Died in exile but viewed as a hero.
- BATTLE OF HASTINGS
- Williams the Conqueror landed on southern coast • Marched for John of England• William defeats King of England and lays claim to the throne • Vikings got England • Norman conquest • Political connection between France and England
- ALFRED OF WESSEX
- • Built a strong foundation for government • First king of England • United the 7 Anglo-Saxon kings against a common enemy - Vikings • Established strong central institutions upon which later kings would build England into a superpower of the 14th century • Reforms: military, education, legal and political
- ST. FRANCIS
- • Greatest Christian reformer ever. Return to purity and simplicity of church. Reform from within. Manwhore. Disowned by his father. Decided to act like the poorest of people. Living in caves...caveman. Needed permission from Innocent III to keep on preaching. When Francis arrived, was nearly denied. Francis finally got to talk to Innocent III. Embrassed by church and could be used as a tool to get approval from church. • Franciscans - group of poor monks, wanted to live life of poverty, emulating Jesus.
- FREDERICK BARBAROSSA
- Hohenstaufen Empire. Applied roman law to expand territory. Used feudalism and Intervened in church politics, wanted Italy. Battle of Legnano.
- FIEF
- land leased to person • Basic component of feudal system • Trade military service for land
- UNAM SANCTUM
- Boniface VIII: Said that Temporal authority ought to be subject to spiritual power and if temporal authority errs, it shall be judged by the spiritual power. Philip IV responded by accusing Boniface of every imaginable crime. Responds by excommunicating Philip IV. Set the stage for Babylonian Captivity
- COUNCIL OF CLERMONT
- Pope Urban II Calls Christians to go! • Called christians to go2 Jerusalem and take up arms and attack • 100,000 Christians answered
- LOUIS VII
- Risked the wrath of the church to annul marriages with their first wife to ensure male heir. Married Eleanor of Aquitaine. Used the church as an ally and issued the Peace of God.
- LINDISFARNE
- Monastery • Easy target • Defended by monks • Lots of Silver (need it) • Pacifists • First place made landfall in Europe. Extremely wealthy so the Vikings think that monasteries were easy picking and could profit lots
- OTTO I
- First Holy Roman Empire. Got the respect from German lords for proving himself at the battle of lechfeld vs. magyars. Had lots of money so he was able to pay for military service/border patrol. Initiated Lay investiture
- ELECTORS
- German territorial lords created them • 7 most powerful elected the king • Made HRE no longer hereditary
- PHILIP IV
- • The king of france • Started Babylonian Captivity. Investiture Controversy. Boniface incident.
- ROYAL TOUCH
- • scrofula o Form of tuberculosis • King touched people infected • Omg cured! • Praise the lord • Capetians were different o Actions justified by god o Practice this royal/healing touch til 19th century
- BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY
- Papal court moved from Rome to Avignon on French border. All popes were French. Pope abandoned Italy which made everyone mad. Gregory XI returned to Rome and **** hit the fan.
- WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
- • Battle of Hastings • Exploding body
- BATTLE OF LEGNANO
- Battle fought b/w Pope Alex III and Barbarossa • Church wins • End of the dream of uniting Germany and Italy • Barbarossa did a crusade and headed East to be a great hero • Drowned crossing a river
- TRADE GUILDS
- • Co-orporate individual tradesmen who joined together according to craft to protect their economic interest • Allowed them a political voice in the cities • Early model for unions
- GREAT SCHISM
- After the Babylonian Captivity, two popes were elected (Avignon (Clement VII) and Rome (Urban VI)) creating a Schism. College of Cardinals ignored the Avignon pope and an excommunication ensued. Council of Pisa called to end Schism by annul elections of both popes and elect another one, now had three popes (Alexander V). The council of Constance ended the conflict.
- GOSLAR SILVER MINES
- Most productive silver mines
- MAGNA CARTA
- Establish certain rights for lords and all English subject to Common Law • Force the English king to realize that he is not above the law • Forced to accept that vassals had certain rights that the king could not abuse • Could not abuse judicial powers • English lords wanted to serve as councils • Required that john consult his council before going to war/fund a war • Established certain rights for all Englishmen
- USURY
- • Lending money and charging interest • Gained acceptance • Lots of money lenders who charged high interest • Could provide Christian charity • Jews wanted that money o dangerous
- INVESTIGATORS
- • Enqueteurs • Investigate bailiffs • Not corrupt • Check up on the bailiffs • Reinforced the idea of royal justice in Paris • Increased prestige of Capetians • Unstoppable the Capetians were
- INTERDICT
- More papal authority. Called on Phillip II of Augustus. Excommunicating an entire country.
- THOMAS BECKET
- • Friends with Henry II • Archbishop of Canterbury • Believed you can't try a man for the same crime twice • Henry spoke under his breath that someone should shut him up • He was heard, guards killed him • GG
- 4TH CRUSADE
- Venetian Crusade o Most embarrassing moment in East Europe History o Sanctioned by most powerful pope in Europe o Crusade army needs transportation o Deal with venetians to go2 eastern europe o Promised money/etc o Prepare for a year o Crusaders didn't have enough money o Venetians wanted something back o Compromised o Take back venetian city o Venetian hijack crusade for own political/economical crusade o Most shaming moment in Western Christendom o Excommunicated Pope o LOL
- HENRY IV OF GERMANY
- • Appointed the Archbishop of Milan • Involved in the Investiture Controversy • Took Rome and elected his own Pope • Created a Schism
- INQUISITION
- Churches court system for dealing with heretics. Used to deal with cathars firstly
- ILE DE FRANCE
- • Small territory around Paris • Controlled by Hugh Capet
- HARALD HARDRAADA
- Norwegian King. Death is considered the end of Viking era. After defeating Godwinson, died at the battle of hastings against william the conqueror.