PSYCHOBIOLOGY MIDTERM 1
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- a contemporary of Galileo and Kepler. He was a gifted French philospher, a physiologist, and a brilliant mathematician.
- Rene Descartes
- A _____ was defined as an action that occurred w/out the involovement of the mind / the souls.
- reflex
- Today, we know that the______ is present in animals and man, and makes the hormone melatonin.
- pineal gland
- According to ______,consciousness stems from a self that perceives the sensation of the body or brain, but it is distinct from the brain and the body.
- Descartes
- Until the 17th century, _____logic was the primary approach used for established scientific truth. The 'revelution' of the 17th century centered on seeing truth in a more relative manner.
- Aristetotelian
-
_____ _____ was a brilliant Englishman.
He had a strong interest in technology.
He was a laywer, philospher, and a high gov't official. He viewed the human mind consisting of 3 essential faculties: memory, imagination, and reason. He wrote &qu - Francis Bacon
- ____ ____ is English contemporary of Descartes. He was the first major figure of the modern era to embrace a physical explanation of consciousness.
- Thomas Willis
- ____ was the 1st to view mental disorders as a biological illness rather than daemonic possession.
- Willis
- Willis followed the ideas of the French philosopher/astronomer named_____ _____.
- Pierre Gassendi
- ____ is an inflammation of the membrane tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.
- Meningitis
- ___ ____ ____ established the modern empirical approach to physics, and the importance of the scientific method.
- Sir Isaac Newton
- _____ invented a reflecting telescope and discovered gravity.
- Sir Isaac Newton
- ___'s dominant interest was in the question of how best to make rational and peaceful decisions about conflicting political, ideological, or religious views.
- John Locke
- _____is often considered the "Father of Experimental Psychology."
- John Locke
- ____was the last great philospher to address the mind/body problem prior to the onset of modern brain science at the beginning of the 19th century.
- Immanuel Kant
-
_____believed that humans have innate knowledge and use reason.
-believed that rational thought depends upon data from the physical world, which is obtained through our senses. - Immanuel Kant
- ____, a German, was interested in how the brain processes information
- Wilhelm Wund
- "Do we really have control over our fate"?
- FREE WILL VS FATE
- "To what degree are we animals?"
- MAN VS. ANIMAL
- "Consciousness"
- WHAT IS ITS ROOT? WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
- Psychobiology does not take a deterministic view. The environment modifies genetic potential.
- FREE WILL VS ARGUMENT
-
_____ = "letting out the bad spirit."
cutting holes in the skull. - trephination
- _____dissected animals and identified motor and sensory nerves.
- Galen
- ____are the site where God directs man's behavir, according to St. Augustine.
- ventricles
- It was believed that by St. Agustine ____took away the waste products and could convey information.
- ventricles
- ____was an Italian physician who wrote the 1st book on human anatomy. His comparative animal studies showed that man's ventricles were not unique.
- Vesalius
- ____drew very accurate [drawings] of the human body, which were later published and made into prints by the Gutenberg Printing Press.
- Vesalius
- ____believed the Earth was round. The church believed him, because he incorporated religion in his theory.
- Ptolemy
- ____claimed that the ventricles in our brains are a source of knowledge in which God directs us.
- St. Agustine
- ___'s logical ideas didn't sit well with the Church.
- Aristotle
- ____ was a French mathematician, philosopher, and psysiologist. He was the first to merge phylosophical and scientific thinking in connection with the brain.This idea of thought is called ____.
- Descartes; Dualism
- ____dualism, in particular, claimed that the mind and the brain are different entities, but come together at the pineal gland.
- Descarte's
- According to _____, humans are unlike animals in their thought process, as animals are unable to think logically.
- Descartes
- ____observed the night sky for 30 yrs and made measurements of the planetary mvmnts.
- Copernicus
- During the period of Copernicus' findings, the ____was occuring.
- Reformation
- ____proposed that there were other galaxies and that space was infinite.
- Bruno
- ____confirmed Copernicus' belief by using a telescope.
- Galileo
- ____published the 1st mathematical tables of the planetary mvmnts in the night sky.
- Johannes Kepler
- __ ____ ____ is the Father of the Scientific Method.
- Sir Francis Bacon
- The piece of writing entitled _____ ______claims that the human mind is equipped to discover nature through observation and reason, rather than through abstract reasoning alone.
- "Novum Organum"
- The mind/brain problem: ___ vs____
- Locke vs Kant
- ___was very much of an Empirist. Our modern ideas about Behaviorism came mostly from ____.
- Locke
- ___tried to establish a view that was both Empirical and Metaphysical, but ultimately failed.
- Kant
- the idea of "tabla rasa" came from ____.
- Locke
- Locke's position was a precursor to _____'s Behaviorism.
- John B. Watson's
- ___spent his whole life trying to establish a philosophical system that could balance rational thought with a sense of what he teremed 'moral duty.'
- Kant
- ___tried to synthesize NATIVIST and EMPIRICAL positions into a philosophical system that could explain the mind.
- Kant
- The Scientific Method emphasized ___ over ____.
- reason over emotion
- ____helped to uncover faulty premises hidden w/in language.
- Syllogism.
- ____created Syllogism
- Aristotle
- ____is a type of reasoning that starts with a general statement, and then concludes with a specific statement.
- Induction
- ___ is a type of reasoning that starts with a specific statement, and then concludes with a general statement.
- Deduction
- ___ came up with novel insights about brain function and localization, and was correct on all accounts.
- Thomas Willis
- The ___ is a brain region associated with memory and thinking.
- cortex
- The ____ ____is a brain region related to motor function.
- Corpus Striatum
- The ____regulates basic life systems such as respiration.
- Brainstem
- The ___is a brain region related to motor control.
- Cerebellum
- The __ ___ ___ is the joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain.
- Circle of Willis
- At the ___ ___ ___, the internal carteroid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.
- Circle of Willis
- ___ proposed that the heart's role was to suck blood out of the veins in order to infuse it with vital spirits.
- Galen
- ____was an English physician who established a scientific basis for modern medicine. He was perceived by society as a quack-he went against the social grain. 20 years later he was eleavted back to his original position.
- William Harvey
- ____ ____ is today most-noted for his studies with the microscope, and in particular his cork-drawing.
- Robert Hooke
- ___ discovered cells .
- Robert Hooke
- ____discovered the 12 cranial nerves.
- Willis
- The ___ ___ was the first battery.
- Leyden Jar
- ____'s written experiments made people believe that his experiments were true; (Maybe the body DOES produce electricity).
- Galvani's
- The brain initially has a ____shape. By 25 days, there exists the ____ ____. By 40 days days all of these have developed (4 things):___, ___, ___, &___.
-
tube; neural tube;
1) forebrain
2)midbrain
3)hindbrain
4)spinall cord -
C1 to C8 of the Dermatones consist of the ___ nerves.
T1 to T12 of the " " consist of the ___ nerves.
L1 to L5 of the " " consist of the ___ nerves.
S1 to S5 of the " " consist of the ___ - cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral
- A ___ view is one that goes from from left to right (horizontal).
- Saggital
- The brainstem consists of the __, ___, & ____.
- hindbrain, midbrain,and forebrain.
-
The function of the Medulla is ____.
The Retucular Formation's function is ___.
The Pon's is for ___.
The Cerebellum is for ___&____. -
medulla=or life support systems.
RF= for arousal
Pons=sleep and dreaming
Cerebellum=motor coordination & learning. - The ____consists of the Medulla, the Reticular Formation, the Pons, and the Cerebellum.
- HIndbrain
- The Midbrain consists of the ___ ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, and the ___ ____.
- Inferior Colluculus, Superior Colliculus, Substantia Nigra, and the Ventrical Tegmental Area (VTA).
-
The ____'s function is auditory tracking.
The ___'s function is Visual Tracking.
The substantia Nigra's function is ___.
The Ventral Tegmental Area's function is ____. -
Inferior Colliculus; Superior Colliculus;
Motor movements, and the Reward system. -
The ___ (subcortical) consists of these structures:
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala - Forebrain
- The forebrain(subcortical) consists of these 5 structures:
-
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala -
The Basal Ganglia's function is ___.
The___ sends sensory info to the cortex (sensory relay center).
The Hypothalamus function is____.
The ___ is for learning and memory.
The Amygdala's function is____. -
BG: feedback to the cortex about motor mvmnts.
Thalamus: Sensory relay center to the Cortex
Hypothalamus: Motivation and EmotioN, and auton,nvs system Regulation
Hippocampus: Learning and Memory
Amygdala: Organizes response patterns for fear. - The ___stain can be used to visualize the dendritic tree and spines of neurons in the brain.
- Golgi
-
The Frontal Lobe's function is ____.
The Occipital Lobe's function is___.
The ___'s function is Spatial Awareness and Bodily Sense Perceptions. -
Frontal Lobe: Planning, conscious motor mvments, social behavior, attention, short-term memory, and speech production.
Occipital Lobe: Vision, motion perception, and color perception.
Parietal Lobe: Spatial awareness, bodily sense perceptions
Temporal Lobe: Language, speech comprehension, and hearing -
___ is the region where primary sensory or motor info is processed.
The Sensory Cortex's function is____.
The Associational Cortex's function is___. -
Primary Cortex: region where primary sensory or motor info is processed.
Secondary Cortex: region adjoining primary cortex that elaborates primary info and integrates it w/ other sensory info.
Association Cortex: regions that are involved in conscious perception and abstract thought, including language. -
The Parasympathetic Nvs System does all of the following EXCEPT:
a) stimulates activity
b)constricts bronchi
c) dilates pupil - c) dilates pupil