Biology Exam Vocab.
Terms
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- Chromatin
- thin strips of DNA
- Calvin Cycle
- the cycle that uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars
- Anaphase
- the thrid phase of mitosis, when the centromeres split and let the sister chromatids split to become individual chromosomes
- Responding Variable
- a variable that is changed and observed and changes in response to a manipulated variable
- Telophase
- the final stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material, the nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes, the spindle begins to break apart, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
- Metaphase
- the second phase of mitosis, when the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
- mRNA
- messengers from DNA to rest of cell that carry instructions
- Centrioles
- 2 tiny structures located in the cytoplasm that separate during cell division and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus
- Sex Chromosomes
- the 2 chromosomes that determine a person's sex
- Solute
- the substance that is dissolved
- Cell Theory
- the theory that states all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells
- Base
- a compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution
- Gametes
- sex cells
- Transcription
- the process in which RNA molecules are produced
- Enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up rate of chemical reaction in cells)
- Cytokinesis
- the second stage of cell division, division of the cell cytoplasm
- Punnett Square
- a diagram that can determine the genetic cross of gene combos
- Cellular Respiration
- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
- Golgi Apparatus
- the stack of closely apposed membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endosplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell
- Sex-Linked Gene
- genes located in the chromosomes that determine sex
- Homologous
- when all 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent have a corresponding chromosome from the female parent
- Ions
- positive and negative charged atoms
- Anaerobic
- not in air
- Promoters
- where binding occurs, signals in DNA that indicate where to bind to make RNA
- Pedigree
- shows relationship
- Cell Cycle
- the series of events that cells go through as they divide
- Metabolism
- the combo of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
- Cells
- the basic units of life
- Adhesion
- an attraction between molecules of different substances
- Osmosis
- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- Cancer
- a disorder where some of the body's own cells lost the ability to control growth
- Hybrids
- the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
- Observation
- the process of gathering info about events or processes in a careful, orderly way
- Hypothesis
- a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
- Mitochondria
- organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
- Cell
- a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its surroundings
- Cell Membrane
- a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell and provides protection and support
- Interphase
- the in between period of growth
- Reactants
- elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
- Lysosomes
- small organelles filled with enzymes that breaks down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
- Genes
- the chemical factors that determine traits
- Photosystems
- clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments
- Isotonic
- when 2 solutions are the same strength
- Electron
- a negatively charged particle
- Nucleic Acids
- macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous and store and transmit genetic info
- Nucleotides
- makes up a DNA molecule
- Ionic Bond
- a bond formed by one or more electrons transferred from one atom to another
- Tetrad
- the structure that's formed by homologous chromosomes and their corresponding pair
- Evolution
- the ability of a group of organisms to change over time
- Activation Energy
- the energy needed to get a reaction started
- Nucleolus
- a small dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins
- Centrioles
- organelles located near the nucleus that help organize cell division
- Independent Assortment
- when alleles segregate independently
- Science
- an organized way of using evidence to learn about the nature world
- Diffusion
- when particles move from an area of more concentration to an area of less concentration
- Probability
- the likelihood that a particular event will occur
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- an internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and where proteins and other materials are exported fom the cell
- Hypotonic
- when 2 solutions are below strength
- rRNA
- proteins in ribosomes
- NAD+
- the electron carrier that accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell
- Stimulus
- a signal to which an organism responds
- Chromosome
- dense chromatin
- pH Scale
- a measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a loution
- Photosynthesis
- the process in which plants use energy from the sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen
- Exons
- DNA sequences that code for proteins
- Asexual Reproduction
- when a new cell is produced from 1 parent
- Electron Transport Chain
- the process that uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP
- ATP Synthase
- the protein that spans the cell membrane and lets hydrogen ions pass through it
- Crossing-Over
- the process in which homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads and exchange portions of their chromatids
- Monomers
- smaller compounds that join to form polymers
- Chemical Reaction
- a process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another
- Codon
- each 3 letter word in mRNA that specifies a single amino acid
- Buffers
- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
- Genotype
- genetic makeup
- RNA Polymerase
- an enzyme needed for transcription
- Replication
- when the DNA molecule separates into 2 strands and produces 2 new complementary strands
- Codominance
- when both alleles contribute to the phenotype
- Spontaneous Generation
- the idea that life could arise from nonliving things
- Phenotype
- physical characteristics
- Equilibrium
- when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate, one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy
- Mutation
- a change in the genetic material
- Haploid
- 1 set of homologous chromosomes
- Organelles
- little organs
- Glycolysis
- a pathway that doesn't release a lot of energy and leads to the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport chain if oxygen is present and leads to fermentation if oxygen isn't present
- Carbohydrates
- compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and main source of energy
- Introns
- sequences of nucleotides
- Cell Wall
- a strong supporting layer around the cell membrane and provides protection and support for the cell
- Lipids
- made from carbon and hydrogen atoms and store energy
- Substrates
- the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- DNA Polymerase
- the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and proofreads DNA strands
- Aerobic
- needing oxygen
- Controlled Experiment
- an experiment where only one variable can be changed at a time and the other variables remain unchanged
- Monosaccharides
- single sugar molecules
- Cyclins
- the protein that regualtes the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
- Pigments
- light absorbing molecules
- Chloroplasts
- organelles that capture energy form the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy - photosynthesis
- Frameshift Mutations
- changes that shift the reading frame of the genetic message
- Theory
- a well tested observation
- Autotrophs
- organisms that make their own food
- Translation
- the process in which the cell uses info from mRNA to produce proteins
- Nondisjunction
- when homologous pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
- Anticodon
- the unpaired tRNA bases
- Hypertonic
- when 2 solutions are above strenght
- Alleles
- the different forms of genes
- Diploid
- 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
- Multiple Alleles
- when genes have more than 2 alleles
- Polymers
- a large compound formed from combos of many molymers
- Fertilization
- when male and female reproductive cells join to produce a new cell
- Nucleotides
- a compound with a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base that form nucleic acids
- Lipid Bilayer
- the composition of nearly all cell membranes
- Prophase
- the first and longest stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visible
- Cohesion
- an attraction between molecules of the same substance
- Cell Division
- the process by which a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells
- Light Dependent Reactions
- the reactions that produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH (the energy carriers)
- Mixture
- a material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemicaly combined
- Meiosis
- a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
- Genetics
- the scientific study of heredity
- Centromeres
- an area usually located near the middle of the chromatids
- Nucleus
- the center of an atom, a large membrane enclosed structure that has the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
- Products
- elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction
- Sexual Reproduction
- when cells from 2 different parents unite to produce a new cell
- Cytoskeleton
- a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape and supports the cell
- Heterozygous
- organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same trait
- Prokaryotes
- cells that don't contain nuclei
- Thylakoids
- saclike photosynthetic membranes that have proteins that organize pigments into clusters
- van der Waals forces
- a force when molecules are close together thaty a lsight attraction can develop between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
- Base Pairing
- when the bases pair
- Catalyst
- a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
- Incomplete Dominance
- when 1 allele isn't completely dominant over another
- Mitosis
- the first stage of cell division, division of the cell nucleus
- Trait
- a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
- Krebs Cycle
- the process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
- Acid
- any compound that forms hydrogen ions in a solution
- Polygenic Traits
- traits controlled by 2 or more genes
- Amino Acids
- compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
- Covalent Bond
- a bond that forms when electrons are shared between atoms
- Histones
- proteins that have chromatin tightly coiled around them
- Isotope
- an atom of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
- Karyotype
- a picture of chromosomes in pairs
- Calorie
- theamount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius
- Ribosomes
- small particles of RNA that produce proteins
- Point Mutations
- gene mutations involving changes one or a few nucleotides and occur in a single point in the DNA sequence
- Vacuoles
- saclike structures that store materials
- Fermentation
- the process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen and the conversion of NADH to NAD+
- Proteins
- macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and polymers of amino acids
- Data
- info gathered from observations
- Active Transport
- a transport system that needs energy to move cell's materials against a concentration difference
- Manipulated Variable
- a variable that is changed
- Biology
- the science about the living world
- Suspensions
- a mixture of water and nondissolved material
- Homeostasis
- when an organism keeps their conditions constant
- Autosomes
- the remaining 44 chromosomes
- Compound
- a substance formed by the chemical combo or 2 or more elements
- Molecule
- the smallest unit of most compounds
- Heterotrophs
- organisms that use the energy from the foods they've already consumed to make food
- Transformation
- when something changes
- Element
- a pure substance that consists entirely one type of atom
- Segregation
- the separation of alleles
- Spindle
- a fanlike microtubule structure that helps to separate the chromosomes
- tRNA
- the protein the transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it's specified
- Solution
- a mixture of 2 or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
- Solvent
- the substance in which the solute dissolves
- Eukaryotes
- cells that contain nuclei
- NADP+
- a carrier that accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion and then carries them to other chemical reactions in the cell
- Homozygous
- organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait
- True-Breeding
- when a cell is produced that is identical to the parent or parents
- Concentration
- the mass of solute in a given volume of solution
- Facilitated Diffusion
- when molecules that can't diffuse across the cell membrane's lipid bilayer on their own so they move through protein channels
- Polysaccharides
- large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
- Inference
- a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience
- Nuclear Envelope
- surrounds the nucleus, lets material move in and out of the nucleus
- Chlorophyll
- the principal pigment in a plant