US History 5
Terms
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- Alex de Tocqueville
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"equality of condition" in america that existed nowhere else in the world but the US.
Democracy in America, what country was like during age of jackson - "Age of the Common Man"
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Jacksonian Democracy
white males had access to the poles - Expansion of the Electorate
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eliminated the property qualifications for voting
Free blacks were excluded from the polls - American System
- Henry Clay, provided a high tariff on imports to finance an extensive internal improvement package
- Corrupt Bargain
- Jackson won the popular vote but there was a four way split in the the electoral votes, Henry clay was out of the election so threw his vote to Adams who then made clay secretary of state
- Tariff of Abominations
- bill originally supported by southern congressmen in order to embarrass the administration. finished however, included higher import duties for many goods which were bought by the Southern Planters
- Andrew Jackson
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prototype of the self-made westerner
used veto more than anyother president in history - Kitchen Cabinet
- Jackson ignored the regular cabinet and used a group of partisan supporters
- Spoil System
- Jackson threatened the dismissal of large numbers of government emplyees to replace them with his supporters
- Indian Removal Act in 1830
- removal of all indian tribes to the west of the Mississippi river and this provided federal enforcement
- Worcester vs. Georgia
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Cherokee Nation occupied northern georiga and claimed to be a sovereign political entity within boundaries of that state
Court supported the claim but Jackson refused to enforce it - Trail of Tears
- forced march under US Army escort of thousands of cherokees to the west
- Federal Land Policy
- Westerners wanted cheap lands available to the masses and northeasterners opposed this policy because it would lur away their labor supply and drive up wages
- The Webster-Hayne Debate
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Hayne of South Carolina speech in support of cheap land
Webster replies to the argument moved the debate from the issue of land policy to the nature of the union and states' rights - The Second Nullification Crisis
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Jackson supported higher rates of the new tarrif
Calhoun was mad and came up with the Ordinance of Nullification- duly approved by a special convention and the sustoms officials were ordered to stop collection of the taxes
Jackson used federal troops to enforce the collection of the taxes - Nicholas Biddle
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operated the Bank of the United States
had a conservative economic policy enforced conservatism among the state and many bankers resented it - Election of 1832
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Jackson antagonised the bank and wanted to destroy it. Clay and Webster promoted a bill to recharter the bank, feared Jackson would gain support and kill the bank. Congress rechartered it but jackson vetoed it. Lame duck agency
Removed the federal governments deposits from vaults and distributed the funds to state and local banks "pet banks". Biddle responded by tightening up credit and calling in loans - Panic of 1837
- Jackson issued a specie circular- required payment for public land in hard money- no more paper or credit
- Martin Van Buren
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hand picked by jackson known as Old Kinderhook and spent most of term dealing with chaos left by jackson
eventually persuaded to establish independent treasury to handly government funds - Whig party
- emerged from the ruins of the national republicans
- William Henry Harrison
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Old Tippecanoe
Died a month after inauguration - King Andrew
- What critics called andrew Jackson
- Roger Taney
- Jackson's new cheif justice
- Demotratic philosophies
- opposed big government, modernized, urbanized, and industrilizaton support came from working classes, merchants, small farmers
- Whigs philosophies
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promoted government participation banking and cautious to expansion
supporters from business and manufacturing - Romanticism
- belief in the innate goodness of man, thus in his improvability. emphasized emothions and feelings over rationality. reaction against enlightenment which had put a strong emphasis on reason exclusion of feelings
- Northern Writers
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James Fenimore Cooper- Leatherstocking Tains, independence of individuals, importance of a stable social order
Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass, celebrated importance of individualism
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- epic poem- Evangeline and Hiawatha, spoke of vaule of tradition and impact of the past on present - Southern Writers
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Edgar allen Poe- The Raven
William Gilmore Simms- defender of slave system, south carolina poet - Hudson River School
- group of landscape painters painted pictures of america
- Theatre
- popular but condemed by chruches "vagabond profession"
- Transcentdentalists
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originated in MA
transcend the bounds of intellect and to strive for emotional understanding to attain unity with God without the help of the institutional church which they saw as a recationary and stifling to self expression
Charles Finney "social gospel" salvation to all - Major writers
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Ralph Waldo Emerson, NATURE
Henry David Thoreau WALDEN
repression of society and preached civil disobedience to protest unjust laws - Utopians
- cooperative community was attempt to improve the life of the common man in the face of increasing imersonal industrialism
- Shakers
- directed by Mother Ann Lee, communities were socialistic experiments which practiced celibacy, sexual equality and social dicipline
- Mormons
- Joseph Smith "sacred" writings in NY and organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, he was killed and Brigham Young
- Temperance
- American society for Promotion of Temperance organized in 1826, strong support by protestants
- Public schools
- Americanize the new immigrant children and protistantize the catholics
- Horace Mann
- first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
- Asylums for the Mentally Ill
- Dorthia Dix, advocating more humane treatment for mentally incompetent
- Feminism
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Senecal Falls Convention, "declaration of sentiments and resolutions"
Elizabeth Cady Stantion and Harriet Beecher Stowe
Secondary importance - The First abolitoinist movements
- advocating only the purchase and colonization of slaves, American COlonization Society established the colony of Liberia
- William Lloyd Garrison
- paper called the Liberator and advocated total and immediate emancipation. Founded the New England Anti Slavery Society
- Frederick Douglass
- escaped from his MD owner and published his own newspaper, the North Star
- Abolitionist movement split
- Into two wings: Garrison's radical followers and moderates who favored "moral suasion and petitions to congress, they formed the liberty party the first national anti-slavery party
- Natural Increase
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birth rates began to drop after 1800 rapidly in the cities childred becoming liabilities rather than assets
Father out of home working and child bearing and raising placed on mother abortion becoming popular - "clut of domesticity"
- reflected a shift in family responsibilitites
- Immigration
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increased between 1815-1837
British, German, and Irish
Much discrimination
newcomers huddles in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities - Problems of urbanization
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bad water poor sanitation poor health, epedemics, typhoid feaver, tuphus, cholera
Inadequate police and fire - Social unrest in the Cities
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violence in the cities democartes fought whigs so bad the militia had to be called in
New York mod sacked a catholic convent - Women
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women were treated as minors before the law. Woman's property became her husbands wiht marriage
employment- school teaching - Blacks
- by 1850, 200,000 blacks lived in the North.
- Jim Crow Laws
- laws separated the races, spearate churches, fraternal orders. African Methodist Episcopal Church forved and the Black Masonic and the Odd Fellows lodges
- Inventions and Technology
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American passed European industry
Coal replaced water source of industrial power
Charles Godyear- Vulcanizing rubber
Elias Howe's sewing maching
Samuel Morse- electronic telegraph - Rise of Unions
- Came with the growing corporate form of Business ownership
- Revolution in Agriculture
- urban workers became dependent on food grown by others so farming increased
- McCormick's mechanical reaper
- enabled a crew of six men to harvest in one day as much wheat as 15 men could using older methods
- John Deere
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Steel plow
Durable tool to break the heavy parire sod - Jerome Case's
- threashing machine increased the bushels of grain that could be separated from the stalk in a day
- Yeoman Farmers
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largest group of Southern whites, independent small farmers who worked teir land wiht their family sometimes one or two slaves
Major crop was corn - Poor southern whites
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Crackers, sandhillers
southern underclass - Large plantations
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grew cotton, sugar, or tobacco
Used the Gang system... white overseers directed black drivers wo supervises large groups of backs in the fields - Soldiered
- Slaves refusing to work hard or they found ways to sabotage the machinery or the crops
- Slave uprisings
- Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner
- Manifest Destiny
- belief that the american nation was desined to eventually expand all the way to the Pacific
- Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
- northern boundary of the spanish possessions near the present northern border of California
- American missionaries
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followed traders and trappers, sent back reports on their work to the Penny press
and eventually led to oregon fever - Webster-Ashburton Treat
- important in that it helped create an atmosphere or compromise and forbearance in the US and British Relations
- James K Polk
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Young Hickory
Staunch Jacksonian - Oregon Treaty 1846
- The current US canada boundary east of the rickies was extended westward to the Pacific thus securing use of the straite of juan for the US
- Mormon migration
- Under church leader Brigham Young settled near Great salt lake utah