Physiology 431 Week 2
Terms
undefined, object
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- What are the 2 sensory system divisions?
-
1. General
2. Special Senses - What are the general senses?
- Touch, temp, pressure and pain
- What are the special senses?
- Hearing, balance, sight, smell and taste
- Which category of senses are related to how we communicate with nature?
- Special senses
- Sclera is what part of the eye?
- Outer layer
- Cornea is what part of the eye?
- Front layer (lens)
- The 2nd layer of the eye - all active parts of the eye fall here - middle layer - blood supply is here
- Coroid
- The iris cilliary body and coroid - entire tunic of the eye
- Uvea
- The entire middle layer (tunic) of the eye
- Uvea
- What does the middle layer of the eye have in order to see light?
- Color
- Inflammation of part or all of the middle tunic
- Uveitis
- Inflammation of the iris or cilliary body
- Anterior uveitis
- Inflammation of the choroid
- Posterior uveitis
- A convex lense will do what to light rays?
- Converge
- A concave lense will do what to light rays?
- Diverge
- Refers to the bending the light rays as a beam of light passes thru a curved lense or passes from a mediium of one density to a medium of a 2nd density
- Light refraction
- What is the sum for Air RI (Refraction Index)?
- 1
- What is the sum for Glass RI?
- 1.44
- What is the sum for Water RI?
- 1.33
- Concave lenses cause light rays to ___
- Diverge (away)
- Convex lenses cause light rays to ---
- Converge (together)
- What does 20/20 vision mean?
- The patient has an eye that can clearly see objects at 20ft
- Ability to distinguish between forms
- Visual acuity
- What is measured grossly at 20 feet by the Snellen chart?
- Visual acuity
- Term for when Parallel rays from 20 feet or more away when passing through a convex lens will come to a point
- Focal point
- Term for the strength of a lense
- Diopter
- Term for distance from the lense to the point
- Focal length
- The amount of converging power of a convex lense is expressed in ---
- diopters
- What is the reference length used for expressing diopters?
- Meter
- A convex lense with a strengh of 1 diopter has focal length of ---
- 1 meter
- A lens that has a focal length of 1 meter has a strenght of
- 1 diopter
- If the focal length is 2 meters the strengh is ---
- 1/2 diopter
- If the focal length is 1/2 meter the strength is
- 2 diopters
- If we stick a concave lens in front of a 1 diopter convex lense and the concave lens completely negates the effect of the 1 diopter convex lens, we say that the concave lens has a strength of ...
- negative 1 diopter
- What type of a lense does not have a focal length?
- Concave lense
- A lens ___ light because it is ---
-
refracts
curved - The human eye has a strengh of about---
- 60 diopters
- Most of the refraction of the eye is done by the ...
- cornea
- The cornea is very curved and has a RI of ---
- 1.33
- The cornea's RI is the same as --- RI.
- Water's
- The len's job is accomodation. What is accomodation?
- Fine tuning
- What is fine tuning?
- Changing it's focal length to bring objects into sharper image
- Anything closer than --- where light rays aren't parallel is fine tuning
- 20 feet
- Name for the chemical in the retina that decomposes when light hits the cell
- Rhodopsin
- What is composed of a protein called scotopsin and a form of vitamin A?
- Rhodopsin
- The retinal is in the form of --- cis retinal which is transformed into --- retinal by ---
-
cis
trans
light - Adequate amounts of vitamin A are required for the conversion of ___ back to the ___ form of vitamin A to allow the process to repeat itself
-
trans
cis - Rhodopsin contains --- and --- changes forms
-
Retinal
Retinal - The 2 types of light sensing cells in the eye are rods which are ___ sensitive but ___ insensitve
-
light
color - Rods are located towards the --- of the retina
- periphery
- Cones are located toward the --- of the retina
- center
- The cones is --- sensitive to light
- less
- What colors does the cons detect?
- red, green and blue
- What happens when 1 or more types of cones are missing or defective?
- Color blindness
- Adjustment of the refractory power of the lens
- Accomodation
- What is the function that takes place when the cilliary body alters the shape of the lens, allowing it to become more convex which changes it's strength?
- Accomodation
- The smaller the opeing the sharper the image is know as what?
- Pupillary constriction
- Term for when things are getting closer the lens gets convex - the eyes turn inward as things get closer
- Convergence
- Lack of convergence leads to what problem?
- Double vision
- What does one have when we are looking at an object with 2 separate sense organs?
- Binocular vision
- The normal pressure of aqueous humor is what range of mercury?
- 20-25 mm
- Too much aqueous humor results in...
- Glaucoma
- Term for normal refracting of the eye
- Emmetropia
- Term for light rays that are converging behind the retina and a convex lense is needed to correct it
- Hypertropia or farsightedness
- Term for light rays that are converging in front of the retina and concave lenses are needed to correct it
- Myopia or nearsightedness
- Term for unequal curvature of the refractive surface and the rays of light cannot be brought to a fixed point but rather over a more diffuse area ( focal points are all over the place )
- Astigmatism
- Term for when elasticity is not what it once was - old fart's eye
- Presbyopia
- What does it mean if lights appear to have a halo over them at night>
- Hallmark of glaucoma
- What lies in the temporal bone?
- Inner ear
- What is known as the bony labyrinth of the ear?
- The cavernous system
- What are the 3 boney canals of the ear>
-
1. Semicircular canal
2. Vestibule
3. Cochlea - What does the cochlea resemble?
- A snail
- What connects the semicircular canal?
- The vestibule
- What 2 things sit inside the vestibule and are associated with balance?
- The utricle and the saccule
- Appearance of the cochlear duct
- Swirly
- Endolymph is found where?
- Inside the membrane
- Perilymph is found where?
- Outside the membrane
- Fluid inside the membrane
- Endolymph
- Fluid inside the cave that surronds the outside membrane
- Perilymph
- What connects to the stapis?
- The oval window
- What is at the opposite end of the cochlear duct?
- The round window
- What contains the auditory receptor cells which are called hair cells because of their appearance?
- The organ of Corti
- What stimulates the beginning of the receptor system?
- High pitch
- What stimulates the end of the receptor system covering the whole lengh of the organ of Corti?
- Low pitch
- What type of canal responds to rotation?
- Semi circular canal
- What term describes acceleration in relation to eye movement>?
- Utricle
- What term describes deceleration in relation to eye movement?
- Saccule
- Can the body detect constant movement?
- No
- What term refers to high or low quality of sound?
- Pitch
- Pitch is measured in --- per second?
- cycles
- The human ear can detect the range of --- to --- cycles per second but hears most accurately between --- and --- cycles per second
-
30 to 20,000
500 and 4,000 - Various pitches are detected by various areas found in the...
- organ of Corti
- The higher the pitch, the --- the distance
- shorter
- Loudness if measured by the --- of the vibrations
- amplitude
- Loudness is detected by the organ of Corti by the number of ---- stimulated at one time vs the location of --- stimulated the pitch component of sound
- hair cells
- Loudness equals the number of --- stimulated
- hair cells
- Pitch is located where?
- Organ of corti
- Neurons that detect odor are located where?
- at the very top of the nose
- Decreased ability to smell
- Hyposmia
- Total lack of ability to smell
- Anosmia
- 4 types of taste buds that science has identified
- sweet, sour, bitter and salty
- What taste buds are found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
- Salt and sweet
- What is the cranial nerve for the anterior 2/3 tast receptors?
- CN 7 - facial nerve
- What taste buds are associated with the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
- Bitter and sour
- What cranial nerve is associated with the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
- CN 9 - glossal pharyngeal
- We taste with the back of the the throat and the epiglottis by way of CN ---
- CN 10 - vegus nerve
- The sense receptors for smell are ---
- neurons
- The sense receptors for taste are ---
- not neurons
- How many cranial nerves?
- 12
- How do you remember the 12?
- On old olympus' towering top a fin and german viewed a hops
- CNI
- Olfactory
- CNII
- Optic
- CNIII
- Oculomotor
- CNIV
- Trochlear
- CNV
- Trigeminal
- CNVI
- Abduces
- CNVII
- Facial
- CNVIII
- Acoustic
- CNIX
- Glosso pharyngeal
- CNX
- Vegus
- CNXI
- Accesory
- CNXII
- Hypoglossal