Biology 1170 vocab ch 1-5
Terms
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- archaea
- one of two prokaryote domains the other beign bacteria
- biology
- the scientific study of life
- cell theory
- all cells come from other cells
- deductive reasoning
- is used in testing hypothesis
- domain
- a taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are- archaea, bacteria and eukarya
- eukarya
- more complex organells, plant and animal cells
- heiarchy of biological oganization
- biosphere,ecosystem,community,population, organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules
- hypothesis
- guess, tenative answer to some questio- an explanation on trial
- inductive reasoning
- important conclutions generlization that summerizes many cncurent observations
- negative feedback
- primary mechanism of homeostasis whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a responce that couteracts the initial fluctuation
- positive feedback
- physiological control mechanism in which a change in some varriable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
- prediction
- guess at the outcome of an experiment
- prokaryote
- simpiler, less genetic material, smaller bacteria
- reductionism
- reducing complex to study simpler components- mechanistic, looking at all the parts
- science
- "to know" Latin
- steps of the scientific method
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observations>> questions>> hypothesis>> prediction>> test>>
(know the diagram) - theory
- much broader scope- very comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence contrasts w/ our everyday usage
- atom
- the smallest particle of an element
- chenical bond
- atoms stay close together held by attractions
- chemical equalibrium
- in a reversible chemical reaction the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate if the reverse reaction
- chemical reaction
- process leading to chemical changes in matter. involves making and breaking of chemical bonds
- compound
- chemical elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds
- covalent bond
- the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms ----- stongest kind of chemical bond
- electronshell
- energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
- electron
- move at nealy the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus
- electronegativity
- attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
- element
- a substnce that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
- energy level
- the different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom
- energy
- the ability to do work
- hydrogen bond
- weak chemical bond- but CRUCIAL. Form when a hydrogen bond atom covalently bondes to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electonegative atom
- ion
- a charged atom
- ionic bond
- because of their opposite charges, cations and anions attract eachother
- ionic compound
- compounds formed by ionic bonds also called salts
- isotope
- one of several atomic forms of an element each containing a different number of neutrons thus differing in atomic mass
- molecular formula
- a type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms
- molecule
- two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
- neutron
- electcally neutral particle found in the neucleus of an stom
- non polar covalent bond
- type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electonegativity
- product
- an ending material in a chemical recation
- proton
- subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
- radioactive isotope
- an isotope that is unstable, the nucleus decays spontansously giving off detectable particles of energy
- reactant
- a starting material in a chemical reaction
- structual formula
- type of molecular notation in which the constituant atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds
- trace element
- an element indispensible for life, but required in extremly minute amounts
- valence
- the bonding capacity of an atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atoms outermost shell
- van der Waals
- everchanging "hot spots" of positive abd negative that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another- they are weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together
- acid
- a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
- adhesion
- the attraction between diferent kinds of molecules
- aqueous solution
- solution in which water is the solvent
- base
- any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
- buffer
- resists changes to the pH of a solution when H+ or OH- is added to the solution
- calorie
- the amount of heat energy reqired to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1'C, also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releses when it cools by 1'C. The calorie usually used to indicate the energy content of food is a kilocalorie
- cohesion
- binding together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonds
- heat
- total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form
- hydrogen shell
- sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
- hydrogen ION
- single proton w/ a charge of +1, the dissociaton of water moleclues leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion OH- and a hydrogen ion H+
- hydrophilic
- having an affinity for water
- hydrophobic
- having an aversion to water, tending to coalesce to form droplets in water
- kinetic energy
- energy of motion which is directly related to the speed of that motion
- molarity
- common measure of solute concentration referring to the # of moles of solute in 1 L of solution
- mole
- the number (mol) of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules
- pH
- a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log (H+) and ranging in value from 0-14
- polar molecule
- a molecule (ie water)with opposite charges on opposite sides
- solute
- substance that is dissolved in a solution
- soltion
- homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances
- solvent
- dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known
- specific heat
- amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change it's temperature by 1'C
- surface tention
- measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid is related to cohesion
- temperature
- measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules