Microbiology Test # 4 (Immunity, Vaccinations and Autoimmune diseases)

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Naturally Acquired vs Artificially Acquired immunity: Naturally- immune response against antigens encountered in daily life.

Artificially- response to antigens introduced via vaccine
Active vs Passive immunity: Active- active response to antigens via humoral or cell mediated responses.

Passive- passively recieving the antibodies from another source.
3 types of vaccines: Attenuated (live)
Killed (inactivated)
toxoid
Attenuated viruses: for both bacteria and viruses. Attenuated vaccines use pathogens whose virulence has been reduced.
What is a main benefit to using Attenuated vaccines?: Herd immunity. vaccinated individuals can indect those around them with weakened pathogens.
problems with attenuated vaccines: Complications in immunocomprimised individuals and pregnant women. Modified viruses may be more virulent.
Inactivated vaccines: can be either whoe agents or parts of agents that are dead. formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate the pathogen for vaccination (dangerous)
inactivated vaccine problems: No herd immunity, may cause inflammation response and is antigeneically weak.
inactivated vaccines are relatively weak antigenically. why? how is this solved?: Because the body did not produce and immune response. this is solved by adding Adjuvants to the vaccine. these are molecules which enhance the antigenicity of the vaccine.
Toxoid vaccine: Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity.
Anaphylactic shock: An allergic reaction that may develop to a component of the vaccine. (more common in vaccines with adjuvants).
Passive immunity: When the antibodies of an organism already subject to the particular pathogen are introduced to another organism.
serology: the study and diagnostic use of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum.
Immune testing includes many serological tests including: PPT test (w/ soluble antigen)
Agglutination (w/ complete cell (insoluble)
Neutralization (w/ viral or toxoid antigen)
Complement fixation test
PPT immune test: the mixture of antigen-antibody causes a ppt. (example OUCHTERLONY PLATE)
Agglutination test: cross linkage of antigen and antibody causes agglutination. (example determination of blood type)
Neutralization test: Virus usually kills culture cells. Upon abscence of cytopathic effects the antibodies against the virus have been made.
2 types of Antibody testing: Fluorescent antibody test and ELISA
Fluorescent antibody test: Uses fluorescent dyes to label the antigen and track it till it binds to its antigen.
Uses and problems od Direct Flouorscence antibody testing: Use: identify a small number of bacteria in a patient.

Problem: it proves prescence and DOES NOT QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present
ELISA: enzyme linked immunsorbent assay

uses enzymes as the label. mostly used to identify the prescence of antibodues in serum.
How does ELISA work: The antigen being tested is sandwiched between two antibody molecules.
What are the benefits of ELISA?: Easy and cheap to perform.
Can QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present.
What is hypersensativity? how many classes are there what are they?: Hypersensatvity- an immune response against any foreign antigen thay is EXAGGERATED beyond the norm.

I- immediate
II- cytotoxic
III- immune-complex
IV- delayed or cell-mediated
Type I hypersensativity (immediate): Commonly referred to as allergies. Develop within seconds and cause a localized immune response.
in hypersensativity I what is the function of basophils and eosinophils?: they release inflammatory compounds by binding to IgE the allergin antibody.
Conditions of Hypersensativity I (allergic reaction): inhaled allergins may cause hay fever (upper RTI), asthma or hives.

Commonly cause by MOLD, SPORES, POLEN, FLOWERING PLANTS, SOME TREES AND DUST MITES.
Type II Hypersensativity: When cells are destroyed by an immune response (blood agglutination)
Transfusion reaction problems are an example of which class of hypersensativity? they may cause?: II (cytotoxic) and may cause kidney or liver problems.
Hemolytic disease in Newborns is an example of which class of hypersensativity? when is there a problem? solution?: Class II.
RH negative mom Rh + baby
Administer RHOGAN which destroys any fetal RBC that may have entered the body.
Type III hypersensitivity what is it? 3 examples: immune response due to antigen-antibody complexes

1.) Systemic Lupus
2.) Rhuematoid Arthiritis
3.) Glomerulonephritis
Type IV Hypersensitivity: Inflamation due to contact with certain antigens.

A result of interactions with T CELLS (IMPORTANT)

1.) TB test
2.) Allergic comtact dermatitis
3.) Graft rejection
TB test and why it is an example of Type IV Hypersensitivity: No response occurs when injected into the body of a person without infection or vaccination.

Inflammation occurs when the person has been infected or vaccinated against TB.
Allergic Contact dermatitis: A cell mediated response (Type IV Hypersensativity) causing a skin rash. (Stye)
Graft rejection is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity. What are privaleged sites and give 2 examples.: Sites at which grafts are not likely to be rejected.

the brain and the cornea
Donor-recipient matching and tissue typing. What is the first compatibility issues?: MHC compatibility needs to be as close as possible and therefore donors are usually parents or siblings (closer in MHC)
Autoimmune diseases: where the body produced antibodies and cytotoxic t cells that target normal body cells.
Autoimmunity affecting blood clotting: production of autoantibodies to leukocytes combats platlets and does not allow blood to clot.
Autoimmunity affecting endocrine glands: Autoantibodies may also attack the thyroid gland causing grave's disease
Autoimmunity affecting the nervous system: Multiple scleroris where cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheaths of neurons. May be caused by virus (???)
Rheumatoid Arthritis: B cells produce autoantibodies against collagen in joints (causes inflammation)
Primary vs Acquire immunodeficiency diseases: Primary- those that are acquired genetically.

Acquired- those that are obtained through life (envioronemnt) (AIDS)
AIDS: AIDS does not kill it lowers all immune response to nothing and one of many oppurtunistic infections kills patients. (most commonly fungal infections and pneumonia).
Streptococcus species are: the MOST INFECTIOUS GENUS to humans (ex. Strep pyogenes)
Strep pyogenes causes: Strep throat, scarlet fever (kills erythrocytes), rheumatic fever (causes Heart disease) and skin necrosis (flesh-eating)
What is the most common treatment for strp pyogenes?: Penicilin and erythromycin
Streptococcus Pneumonia causes Virulence treatment: causes pneumonia and ear infections.

Virulence problem because it is antiphygocytic

Treatment with penicillin or erythromycin
Staphylococcus aureus causes commonly causes Virulence factor Treatment: skin infections, food poison, toxic shock syndrome, impetigo (brown scab)

Nosocomial infections

Enterotoxin (food poison)
Superantigens- cause overrxn

Penicillin and erythromycin
Corynbacterium diptheriae causes virulence treatment prevention: Diptheria (severe sore throat)
Phage encoded (toxin)
antibiotics and antitoxins
Vaccine (DPT)
Legionella pneumophila causes: Legionnaires' disease (pnuemonia with respiratory failure)

*COOLING TOWERS OF A/C*
Bordetella Pertussis causes treatment prevention: Whopping cough
antibiotics
vaccine (DPT)
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis causes Virulence X Ray diagnosis Treatment: tuberculosis
very hard to kill (mycholic acids)

clumps of phagocyzed macrophages appear in chest x-ray

treatment with ISONIAZID
Rhinovirus causes: A virus that causes the common cold (over 100 strains)
Influenza virus causes virulence treatment: the flu (bad cold, weak)

rapidly mutates by ANTIGENIC SHIFT (exchange of genomes in co-infected individuals)

Vaccine
Rubella (german measles) virus causes problems in prevention: a mild rash and cough

major problem in pregnant women which can lead to neurological brain defects

MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
Chicken pox (virus) causes later in life called prevention: mild fever, rash and ITCH

Shingles (much more severe)

vaccination

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