bio exam 1
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- Isomer with altered bonding relationship
- Structural Isomer
- Isomer with same bonding relationships, different spatial positions (include cis and trans)
- Stereoisomers (geometric)
- Isomer with same bonding relationships, different spatial positions (mirror image)
- Stereoisomers (enantiomers)
- Water used to link subunits together (energy input required)
- Dehydration
- Water used to break down polymers into subunits (energy output)
- Hydrolysis
- Primary storage polysaccharide in plants. Alpha glucose 1-4 linkages
- Starch
- Primary storage polysaccharide in animals (stored in liver and muscle)
- Glycogen
- Polymer of Beta glucose - parallel strands held together by H-bonds. Few organisms can digest (bacteria)
- Cellulose
- Modified version of cellulose. Composes exoskeletons of arthropods and fungi cell walls/ Beta glucose 1-4 linkages. Monomers of glucose derivitive called N-acetylglucosamine (NAC)
- Chitin
- Cell walls of bacteria composed of this. Beta glucose 1-4 linkages w/ short chains of amino acids attached to sugar groups
- Peptidoglycan
- Class of amino acids with R group containing primarily C's and H's (or just H)
- nonpolar R group
- Class of amino acids with R group containing electronegative atoms (O's and N's)
- Polar uncharged R group
- Class of amino acids with R group containing acids or bases
- Ionizable (charged) R groups
- Class of amino acids with R group containing carbon rings
- Aromatics R groups
- Class of amino acids with R group containing sulfer. Also Proline.
- Special function R groups
- Protein structure level based on amino acid sequence determined by inherited genetic information
- Primary
- Protein structure level resulting in alpha helices and beta pleated sheets due to H-bonding at regular intervals
- Secondary
- Protein structure level based on irregular contortions from ionic/hydrogen bonding between R groups. Includes hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges
- Tertiary
- Protein structure level which includes overall protein structure from associations between more than one protein chain
- Quaternary
- These help newly forming proteins fold correctly
- Chaperones
- Attached to 5' carbon of sugar in a nucleotide, involved in bonding between nucleotides
- Phosphate group
- x carbons in a ring, may be lacking oxygen on 2' carbon (deoxy)
- 5 carbon sugar
- Part of nucleotide that carries genetic code, attached to 1' carbon
- Nitrogenous base
- Nitrogenous base with double ring structure (Includes Guanine and Adenine)
- Purines
- Nitrogenous base with single ring structure (Includes Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil)
- Pyrimidines
- Nonliving structures that may have evolved into living cells
- Protobionts
- Theory that eukarya evolved from cells engulfing others
- Endosymbiosis
- Virus cycle killing cell quickly, bursts w/ new viruses. Virulent viruses
- Lytic cycle
- Virus cycle where virus integrates viral nucleic acid into the host's genome (prophage). Temperate viruses.
- Lysogenic cycle
- Viruses containing RNA not DNA (HIV for example)
- Retrovirus
- Model showing cell membranes composed of proteins and lipids bobbing in a fluid bylayer of phospholipids
- Fluid mosaic model
- Containing both hydrophylic and hydrophobic regions (Phospholipids)
- Amphipathic
- Membrane protein that penetrates bilayer. Receptors, transporters, and anchors
- Transmembrane proteins
- Membrane proteins on interior. Serve as links from transmembrane proteins to structures
- Peripheral proteins
- Membrane protein involved in cell-cell adhesion and cell identity markers. (May be part of transmembrane proteins)
- Cell surface proteins
- Form of passive transport that involves transport proteins
- Facilitated diffusion
- Transport protein that forms a passage way. Interior of passageway is polar. Includes aquaporins
- Ion channels
- Form of ion channel that that allows water into a cell through facilitated diffusion
- aquaporins
- Transport protein that binds solutes on one side and release them on the other.
- Carriers
- Type of carrier transport protein that moves a single solute in one direction
- Uniporter
- Type of carrier transport protein that moves multiple solutes in one direction
- symporter
- Type of carrier transport protein that moves multiple solutes in opposite directions
- antiporter
- Movement of substances from regions of low conc. to regions of high. conc. Requires energy input (ATP)
- Active transport
- Active transporters that utilize ATP directly. Maintain membrane potetial
- Primary active transporters
- Electronegativity of C, O, H, N
- O>N>C>H
- D-glucose or L-glucose. Biologically active one?
- D-glucose
- Glucose with C-1 Hydroxyl group above plane
- alpha glucose
- glucose with C-1 hydroxyl group below plane
- beta
- What goes on 5' carbon of (deoxy)ribose sugar?
- Phosphate group
- What goes on 1' carbon of (deoxy)ribose sugar?
- Nitrogenous base
- What's special about 2' carbon of (deoxy)ribose
- H means it's deoxyribose. OH (hydroxyl) means it's ribose.
- What's special about 3' carbon of a (deoxy)ribose?
- Binds to phosphate group on 5' carbon to create sugar phosphate backbone
- These types of organisms have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
- bacteria
- These types of organisms have cell walls made of chitin
- fungi
- Gram-positive bacteria have a _______ layer cell wall and do/do not stain purple.
- Single. Do.
- Gram-negative bacteria have a _______ layer cell wall and do/do not stain purple.
- Multiple (thin layer of peptidoglycan between bilayer). Do not.
- These are nonliving things which lack ribosomes and enzymes for self-reproduction.
- Viruses
- These spontaneously form bylayers in water
- Phospholipids
- Unstable isotopes which break down
- Radioactive isotopes
- Energy levels _____ with distance from the nucleus
- Increase
- Water is an effective solvent for...
- Polar molecules and ions
- Weak forces between all molecules because electrons are constantly in motion creating slight temporary attraction
- van der waals forces