Antibodies and Hemoglobin
Terms
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- The Variable regions
- The amino terminal domains of the heavy and light chains in each Fab region. Contain most of the differences in amino acid sequence
- Antibodie proteins
- Bind to pathogens
- Ligands
- molecules or ions that proteins bind to
- High Affinity
- Kd is low (low Kd means relatively low concentration of the ligand is needed)
- Protoporphyrin
- cage-like colecule that an iron atom is held in
- Association Concentration
- A+B ? AB Ka=[AB]/([A][B])
- Immunoglobulin proteins
- antibody proteins
- HbA
- Normal adult hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin Protein
- Binds to oxygen
- Protein-ligand interactions
- occur by multiple non-covalent bonds with their ligands (15-20 nm2)
- Unit of Association concentration
- (1/M)
- Heme
- prosthetic group to carry oxygen
- Cooperative Binding
- When empty subunits adopt the shape of the oxygenated subunit, allowing oxygen to bind more easily
- Antibodies
- Proteins made to defend against infection
- Handle
- Used for functions including the transport of IgG antibodies from mother to young
- Di-Sulfide Bridges
- How Heavy Chains linked to Light Chains-
- B-cells
- Produce antibodies on the surface of the cell or secrete the antibodies
- Light Chain domain
- 7 or 9 Beta Strands arranged in two antiparallel sheets. A disulfide bridge links one strand in each sheet.
- Cytoskeleton Proteins
- Bind to one another to form fibers
- Heavy Chains
- Joined to one another by one or more disulfide bridges . Immune cells bind to this
- Coenzymes
- prosthetic groups that are sometimes part of the catalytic sites of enzyme
- Light chains
- Has two similar domains each formed by 7 or 9 Beta-Strands arranged in two antiparallel sheets. Disulfide bridges links one strand in each sheet. Part that binds to the antigen
- Sickle cells
- long slightly curved cells
- Hemoglobin
- 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits that have alpha helice as the ordered secondary structure elements.
- Pathogens
- Toxic Antigens
- Enzyme proteins
- Binds substrates of the reaction they catalyze
- HbSS
- sickle cell anemia
- Deoxyhemoglobin
- Empty hemoglobin ready to accept oxygen
- 6th position
- One molecule of O2 binds Fe in this position
- IGG is made up of these chains
- two longer heavy chains/two shorter light chains
- Alpha and beta subunits held by
- ionic bonds between charged side chains, hydrogen bonds, van der waals contacts, and hydrophobic interactions
- HbF
- Fetal mammals contains two gamma chains in place of beta chains
- Folic acid
- vitamin that helps make large amounts of red blood cells
- Fc Region
- is the carboxyl terminal of the two domains of the paired heavy chains
- Immunoglobulin G
- the most abundant antibody protein in our blood
- FAB
- arms of the immunoglobulin regions (arms of the Y) . Each arm can bind to an antigen.
- Fc
- Another name for the handle of the IgG
- Protoporphyrin
- cage-like colecule that an iron atom is held in
- Globin Fold
- Found in many proteins, an eight helix structure with short loops between them, that form a pocket around an atom.
- Receptors proteins
- Binds to other molecules or send signals in sells, or attach cells to the surfaces
- Hydroxyurea
- drug found to stimulate the production of HbF in adults (slows the polymerization of hemoglobin)
- Hemoglobin
- 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
- Prosthetic groups
- non proteins molecules or metail ions bound to polypeptide chains that provide ligand binding sites
- Complimentary
- surfaces of protein and the ligand
- Heme
- prosthetic group consisting of an iron atom held like a cage-like molecule that is used to carry oxygen
- Low Affinity
- Kd is high (high Kd means relatively high concentration of the ligand is needed)
- Antigens
- Anything that that produces an immune response
- Dissociation Constant
- AB? A+B Kd = ([A][B])/([AB])
- Spleen
- the organ that normally clears worn out red blood cells from the blood. Is the major site in which antigens induce B cells to secrete antibodies.
- Avoiding Dehydration, High temperature, low oxygen
- favor HbSS polymerization and should be avoided by people with sickle cell anemia
- Units of Concentration
- Molar (M)
- FAB Region
- made up of one light chain and the two amino terminal domains of one heavy chain
- Immunoglobulin Fold
- the domain structure igG heavy chains are folded into four globular domains