USMLE Step 2 Rapid Review

Start Studying!

Rapid review questions from First Aid for the USMLE Step 2

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Frotteurism (a paraphilia): A man has repeated, intense urges to rub his body against unsuspecting passengers on a bus.
Betamethasone or dexamethasone × 48 hours: Medication given to accelerate fetal lung maturity.
Seborrheic keratosis: "Stuck-on" appearance.
Lichen sclerosus: Inflammation and epithelial thinning of the anogenital area, predominantly in postmenopausal women.
Angina, ST-segment changes on ECG, or ↓ BP: Signs of active ischemia during stress testing.
Prerenal: Type of ARF in a patient with FeNa < 1%.
< 7.0: Goal hemoglobin A1c for a patient with DM.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A young child presents with proximal muscle weakness, waddling gait, and pronounced calf muscles.
1° syphilis: Nonpainful chancre.
Displacement: Name the defense mechanism: ■ A mother who is angry at her husband yells at her child.
Pseudogout: Rhomboid-shaped, positively birefringent crystals on joint fluid aspirate.
von Willebrand's disease; treat with desmopressin, FFP, or cryoprecipitate: A 14-year-old girl presents with prolonged bleeding after dental surgery and with menses, normal PT, normal or ↑ PTT, and ↑ bleeding time. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Salmonella: Name the organism: ■ Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient.
S. aureus or S. epidermidis.: A patient develops endocarditis three weeks after receiving a prosthetic heart valve. What organism is suspected?
β-hCG; the most common cause of amenorrhea is pregnancy: The first test to perform when a woman presents with amenorrhea.
When there is no rationale for treatment, maximal intervention is failing, a given intervention has already failed, and treatment will not achieve the goals of care: When can a physician refuse to continue treating a patient on the grounds of futility?
Regression: Name the defense mechanism: ■ A hospitalized 10-year-old begins to wet his bed.
DM, SLE, and amyloidosis: Three systemic diseases → nephrotic syndrome.
Anemia of chronic disease: Microcytic anemia with ↓ serum iron, ↓ total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and normal or ↑ ferritin.
Graves' disease: Exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, and ↓ TSH.
HIDA scan: Diagnostic modality used when ultrasound is equivocal for cholecystitis.
Acute mania. Start a mood stabilizer (e.g., lithium): A patient hasn't slept for days, lost $20,000 gambling, is agitated, and has pressured speech. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): An 80-year-old man presents with fatigue, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and isolated lymphocytosis. Suspected diagnosis?
Identify cause; fluid and blood repletion: Treatment of hypovolemic shock.
Coarctation of the aorta: A congenital heart disease that cause 2° hypertension.
Broca's aphasia. Frontal lobe, left MCA distribution: A 55-year-old patient presents with acute "broken speech." What type of aphasia? What lobe and vascular distribution?
Pneumococcus, meningococcus, H. influenzae. Treat with cefotaxime and vancomycin: Meningitis in infants. Causes? Treatment?
Type I (distal) RTA: Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) associated with abnormal H+ secretion and nephrolithiasis.
Patient on dopamine antagonist: Galactorrhea, impotence, menstrual dysfunction, and ↓ libido.
Endometrial or estrogen receptor- breast cancer: Unopposed estrogen is contraindicated in which cancers?
A patient's family cannot require that a doctor withhold information from the patient: A son asks that his mother not be told about her recently discovered cancer.
Charcot's triad plus shock and mental status changes, with suppurative ascending cholangitis: Reynolds' pentad.
Pityriasis rosea: Presents with a herald patch, Christmas-tree pattern.
Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory states: What is the metabolic syndrome?
↓ Ca2+ , ↑ K− , ↑ phosphate, ↑ uric acid: Electrolyte changes in tumor lysis syndrome.
Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ AIDS
SIADH due to stress: A postoperative patient with significant pain presents with hyponatremia and normal volume status.
Osmotic fragility test: Diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis.
Morphine, O2, sublingual nitroglycerin, ASA, IV β-blockers, heparin: Treatment for acute coronary syndrome.
Acanthosis nigricans. Check fasting blood sugar to rule out diabetes: A 55-year-old obese patient presents with dirty, velvety patches on the back of the neck.
Free air under the diaphragm, extravasation of contrast, severe bowl distention, space-occupying lesion (CT), mesenteric occlusion (angiography): Radiographic indications for surgery in patients with acute abdomen.
Edrophonium: Administer to a symptomatic patient to diagnose myasthenia gravis.
Group B strep, E. coli, Listeria. Treat with gentamicin and ampicillin: Meningitis in neonates. Causes? Treatment?
Obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma): PFT showing ↓ FEV1/FVC.
Wegener's granulomatosis and Goodpasture's syndrome: Glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis.
INH, penicillamine, hydralazine, procainamide: Causes of drug-induced SLE.
Clomiphene citrate: Medication used to induce ovulation.
Monoclonal gammopathy, Bence Jones proteinuria, "punched-out" lesions on x-ray of the skull and long bones: A 60-year-old African-American male presents with bone pain. Workup for multiple myeloma might reveal?
Age > 45-50 years; lesions new or larger in comparison to old films; absence of calcification or irregular calcification; size > 2 cm; irregular margins: Characteristics favoring carcinoma in an isolated pulmonary nodule.
Treat immediately. Consent is implied in emergency situations: An eight-year-old child is in a serious accident. She requires emergent transfusion, but her parents are not present.
Stasis, endothelial injury and hypercoagulability (Virchow's triad): Risk factors for DVT.
Sulfonamides, antimalarial drugs, fava beans: Precipitants of hemolytic crisis in patients with G6PD deficiency.
Prolactinoma. Dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine): The most common pituitary tumor. Treatment?
Panic disorder: A 35-year-old male has recurrent episodes of palpitations, diaphoresis, and fear of going crazy.
Chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, radiation, HIV, chemotherapeutic agents, hepatitis, parvovirus B19, EBV: Medications and viruses that → aplastic anemia.
High TSH, low T4, antimicrosomal antibodies: Lab findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Neuroleptics: Medication to avoid in patients with a history of alcohol withdrawal seizures.
Absence seizures: May be seen in children who are accused of inattention in class and confused with ADHD.
Suspect retinoblastoma: A child has loss of red light reflex. Diagnosis?
Iron overload; use deferoxamine: A significant cause of morbidity in thalassemia patients. Treatment?
Factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome): A nurse presents with severe hypoglycemia; blood analysis reveals no elevation in C peptide.
Infection, febrile seizures, trauma, idiopathic: The most common cause of seizures in children (2-10 years).
Vibrio, HAV: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Raw seafood
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI): A patient with a history of lithium use presents with copious amounts of dilute urine.
Cluster headache: Unilateral, severe periorbital headache with tearing and conjunctival erythema.
Bullous pemphigoid: - Nikolsky's sign.
Lesions of 1° varicella: "Dewdrop on a rose petal."
Restrictive pulmonary disease: PFT showing ↑ FEV1/FVC.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): Auer rods on blood smear.
β-blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers, TCAs: Prophylactic treatment for migraine.
1° hyperaldosteronism (due to Conn's syndrome or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia): A patient complains of headache, weakness, and polyuria; exam reveals hypertension and tetany. Labs reveals hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis.
Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia, poikilothermia: The 6 P's of ischemia due to peripheral vascular disease.
Pasteurella multocida: Name the organism: ■ Dog or cat bite.
Dissociative fugue: A man unexpectedly flies across the country, takes a new name, and has no memory of his prior life.
Fanconi's anemia: Anemia associated with absent radii and thumbs, diffuse hyperpigmentation, café-au-lait spots, microcephaly, and pancytopenia.
Allergic interstitial nephritis: Eosinophils in urine sediment.
Tabes dorsalis, general paresis, gummas, Argyll Robertson pupil, aortitis, aortic root aneurysms: Findings in 3° syphilis.
OCP and barrier contraception: Contraceptive methods that protect against PID.
Substance abuse: A patient continues to use cocaine after being in jail, losing his job, and not paying child support.
Ampulla of the oviduct: The most common location for an ectopic pregnancy.
A patient with chest trauma who was previously stable suddenly dies: Signs of air embolism.
Think of leaky capillaries. Malignancy, TB, bacterial or viral infection, pulmonary embolism with infarct, and pancreatitis: Causes of exudative effusion.
Taenia solium (cysticercosis): Ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT with seizures
Hemophilia A or B; consider desmopressin (for hemophilia A) or factor VIII or IX supplements: An eight-year-old boy presents with hemarthrosis and ↑ PTT with normal PT and bleeding time. Diagnosis? Treatment?
MAOIs: Antidepressants associated with hypertensive crisis.
S. aureus: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Church picnics/mayonnaise
Blast crisis (fever, bone pain, splenomegaly, pancytopenia): A late, life-threatening complication of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Sensitivity: The number of true positives divided by the number of patients with the disease is _____.
Exercise stress treadmill with ECG: Appropriate diagnostic test? ■ A 50-year-old male with angina can exercise to 85% of maximum predicted heart rate.
Uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, 1° sclerosing cholangitis: Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD.
Mallory-Weiss—superficial tear in the esophageal mucosa Boerhaave—full-thickness esophageal rupture: Difference between Mallory-Weiss and Boerhaave tears.
Immediate needle thoracostomy: Treatment of tension pneumothorax.
β-blockers, digoxin, calcium channel blockers: Drugs that slow AV node transmission.
Hypocalcemia: Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs.
HGPRTase deficiency): gout, self-mutilation, and choreoathetosis.
Avascular necrosis: Complication of scaphoid fracture.
Conflict of interest: A doctor refers a patient for an MRI at a facility he/she owns.
Multiple myeloma: The most common 1° malignant tumor of bone.
ACEI: Antihypertensive for a diabetic patient with proteinuria.
Uterine atony: The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage.
BP > 140/90 on three separate occasions two weeks apart: Definition of hypertension.
The incidence rate (IR) of a disease in exposed − the IR of a disease in unexposed: Attributable risk?
Usually resolves spontaneously; may require IVIG and/or corticosteroids: Treatment for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children.
Lyme disease, Ixodes tick, doxycycline: A middle-aged man presents with acute-onset monoarticular joint pain and bilateral Bell's palsy. What is the likely diagnosis, and how did he get it? Treatment?
Distal radius (Colles' fracture): Bone is fractured in fall on outstretched hand.
Hyperkalemia: Peaked T waves and widened QRS.
Mycoplasma: Cold agglutinins.
Bladder rupture or urethral injury: Blood in the urethral meatus or high-riding prostate.
"Sawtooth" P waves: Classic ECG finding in atrial flutter.
Uterine massage; if that fails, give oxytocin: Treatment for postpartum hemorrhage.
Prinzmetal's angina: A young patient has angina at rest with ST-segment elevation. Cardiac enzymes are normal.
Stable, unruptured ectopic pregnancy of < 3.5 cm at < 6 weeks' gestation: Indications for medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
Rate control, rhythm conversion, and anticoagulation: Treatment of AF.
Number of deaths during pregnancy to 90 days postpartum per 100,000 live births: Maternal mortality?
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis: A nonsuppurative complication of streptococcal infection that is not altered by treatment of 1° infection.
Regresses after menopause: Natural history of a leiomyoma.
α-antagonists (phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine): Should α- or β-antagonists be used first in treating pheochromocytoma?
Parainfluenza virus type 1: The most common pathogen causing croup.
Third-degree heart block: Cannon "a" waves.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (purine salvage problem with: Defect in an X-linked syndrome with mental retardation,
Seborrheic dermatitis. Treat with antifungals: "Cradle cap."
Uremic syndrome seen in patients with renal failure: Drowsiness, asterixis, nausea, and a pericardial friction rub.
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease): The most common form of glomerulonephritis.
Ulcerative colitis: Inflammatory disease of the colon with ↑ risk of colon cancer.
AP chest, AP/lateral C-spine, AP pelvis: Trauma series.
Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only a modest ↑ in cell count): Albuminocytologic dissociation.
Respiratory alkalosis: Acid-base disturbance commonly seen in pregnant women.
Conduct disorder: A 13-year-old male has a history of theft, vandalism, and violence toward family pets.
Anorexia: Amenorrhea, bradycardia, and abnormal body image in a young female.
Lobular carcinoma in situ: Breast cancer type that ↑ the future risk of invasive carcinoma in both breasts.
46,XX: Chromosomal pattern of a complete mole.
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Supportive care. Steroids may help: Honeycomb pattern on CXR. Diagnosis? Treatment?
"Chocolate cysts," powder burns: Laparoscopic findings in endometriosis.
Agranulocytosis: The most serious side effect of clozapine.
Think of intact capillaries. CHF, liver or kidney disease, and protein-losing enteropathy: Causes of transudative effusion.
M3: AML subtype associated with DIC.
Coccidioidomycosis. Amphotericin B: A patient from California or Arizona presents with fever, malaise, cough, and night sweats. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Spinal stenosis: Back pain that is exacerbated by standing and walking and relieved with sitting and hyperflexion of the hips.
MCP and PIP joints; DIP joints are spared: Joints in the hand affected in rheumatoid arthritis.
50 cc/hour: Acceptable urine output in a trauma patient.
Diamond-Blackfan anemia: Pure RBC aplasia.
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: What is the immunodeficiency? ■ A child has eczema, thrombocytopenia, and high levels of IgA.
Sporothrix schenckii: Name the organism: ■ Gardener.
Trauma; the second most common is berry aneurysm: The most common cause of SAH.
Administration of DDAVP ↓ serum osmolality and free water restriction: Treatment of central DI.
Pheochromocytoma: A patient presents with tachycardia, wild swings in BP, headache, diaphoresis, altered mental status, and a sense of panic.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): A newborn female has continuous "machinery murmur."
Neuroblastoma: Nontender abdominal mass associated with elevated VMA and HVA.
Spontaneous pneumothorax. Spontaneous regression. Supplemental O2 may be helpful: A tall white male presents with acute shortness of breath. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Iatrogenic steroid administration. The second most common cause is Cushing's disease: The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome.
Threatened abortion: Uterine bleeding at 18 weeks' gestation; no products expelled; cervical os closed.
Diverticulosis: The most likely cause of acute lower GI bleed in patients > 40 years old.
≤ 200 for PCP (with TMP); ≤ 50-100 for MAI (with clarithromycin/azithromycin): Begin Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis in an HIV-positive patient at what CD4 count? Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) prophylaxis?
E. coli O157:H7: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Uncooked hamburgers
Pemphigus vulgaris: + Nikolsky's sign.
Number of deaths from birth to 28 days per 1000 live births: Neonatal mortality?
Establish the ABCs: First step in the management of a patient with acute GI bleed.
TB medications (INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide), acetaminophen, and tetracycline: Classic causes of drug-induced hepatitis.
False. Withdrawing and withholding life are the same from an ethical standpoint: True or false: Withdrawing life-sustaining care is ethically distinct from withholding sustaining care.
Echocardiogram (showing thickened left ventricular wall and outflow obstruction): Diagnostic test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Neither: Case-control study—incidence or prevalence?
Pleural/serum protein > 0.5; pleural/serum LDH > 0.6: Criteria for exudative effusion.
Intussusception: A condition associated with red "currant-jelly" stools.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): CSF findings: ■ Numerous RBCs in serial CSF samples
Nephritic syndrome: Hematuria, hypertension, and oliguria.
The likelihood of a disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have not been exposed: Odds ratio?
Fluid restriction, demeclocycline: Treatment of SIADH?
Type II (proximal) RTA: RTA associated with abnormal HCO3 − and rickets.
Pulsus paradoxus (seen in cardiac tamponade): A fall in systolic BP of > 10 mmHg with inspiration.
Anticoagulation, rate control, cardioversion: Treatment for atrial fibrillation.
Angina is new, is worsening, or occurs at rest: Definition of unstable angina.
Right-to-left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 tension, diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch: Causes of hypoxemia.
Duodenal atresia: Bilious emesis within hours after the first feeding.
Number of deaths from 20 weeks' gestation to birth per 1000 total births: Fetal mortality?
Number of deaths from birth to one year of age per 1000 live births (neonatal + postnatal mortality): Infant mortality?
Abdominal ultrasound and CT: Evaluation of a pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit.
Depersonalization disorder: A woman who was abused as a child frequently feels outside of or detached from her body.
Neurofibromatosis 1: Café-au-lait spots on skin.
Hypertension, bradycardia, and abnormal respirations: Signs of ↑ ICP (Cushing's triad).
Higher prevalence: Chronic diseases such as SLE—higher prevalence or incidence?
IV penicillin or ampicillin: Typical antibiotics for group B streptococcus (GBS) prophylaxis.
Observational bias: Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type.
Impetigo: Honey-crusted lesions.
Huntington's disease: Rigidity and stiffness that progress to choreiform movements, accompanied by moodiness and altered behavior.
O2, analgesia, hydration, and, if severe, transfusion: A 25-year-old African-American male with sickle cell anemia has sudden onset of bone pain. Management of pain crisis?
Hypernatremia: "Doughy skin."
Toxoplasma gondii: Name the organism: ■ Pregnant women with pets.
Fluids, insulin, and aggressive replacement of electrolytes (e.g., K+): Treatment of DKA.
5-aminosalicylic acid +/− sulfasalazine and steroids during acute exacerbations: Medical treatment for IBD.
Reaction formation: Name the defense mechanism: ■ A pedophile enters a monastery.
SCLC: Lung cancer highly related to cigarette exposure.
Confirm the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis with elevated amylase and lipase. Make patient NPO and give IV fluids, O2, analgesia, and "tincture of time": A 50-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse presents with boring epigastric pain that radiates to the back and is relieved by sitting forward. Management?
Cellulitis: A febrile patient with a history of diabetes presents with a red, swollen, painful lower extremity.
Amoxicillin × 10 days: First-line treatment for otitis media.
Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia: What is the immunodeficiency? ■ A four-month-old boy has life-threatening Pseudomonas infection.
Inevitable abortion: Uterine bleeding at 18 weeks' gestation; no products expelled; membranes ruptured; cervical os open.
OCPs: The most common cause of hypertension in young women.
Cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary vessels, Kerley B lines, "bat's-wing" appearance of hilar shadows, and perivascular and peribronchial cuffing: Classic CXR findings for pulmonary edema.
Varicella zoster: Dermatomal distribution.
Low-voltage, diffuse ST-segment elevation: Classic ECG findings in pericarditis.
Never: When should a vaginal exam be performed with suspected placenta previa?
Treat CO poisoning with 100% O2 or with hyperbaric O2 if severe poisoning or pregnant: A burn patient presents with cherry-red flushed skin and coma. SaO2 is normal, but carboxyhemoglobin is elevated. Treatment?
Parkinson's disease: Rigidity and stiffness with resting tremor and masked facies.
Number of live births per 1000 population: Birth rate?
Seminoma—a type of germ cell tumor: The most common type of testicular cancer.
Fatigue and impending respiratory failure: Normalizing PCO2 in a patient having an asthma exacerbation may indicate?
Radiation: Treatment for SVC syndrome.
Treat because the disease represents an immediate threat to the child's life. Then seek a court order: A 10-year-old child presents in status epilepticus, but her parents refuse treatment on religious grounds.
Asherman's syndrome: Cause of amenorrhea with normal prolactin, no response to estrogen-progesterone challenge, and a history of D&C.
Protamine: An agent that reverses the effects of heparin.
IVIG or plasmapheresis: Treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome.
IV hydration and loop diuretics (furosemide): First-line treatment for moderate hypercalcemia.
Retrograde cystourethrogram: Test to rule out urethral injury.
Tardive dyskinesia. ↓ or discontinue haloperidol and consider another antipsychotic (e.g., risperidone, clozapine): A schizophrenic patient takes haloperidol for one year and develops uncontrollable tongue movements. Diagnosis? Treatment?
When treatment noncompliance represents a serious danger to public health (e.g., active TB): Involuntary commitment or isolation for medical treatment may be undertaken for what reason?
No. Parental consent is not necessary for the medical treatment of pregnant minors: A 15-year-old pregnant girl requires hospitalization for preeclampsia. Should her parents be informed?
Obstetric conjugate: between the sacral promontory and the midpoint of the symphysis pubis: Shortest AP diameter of the pelvis.
Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage: Virchow's triad.
Nephrotic syndrome: Waxy casts in urine sediment and Maltese crosses (seen with lipiduria).
Emergent large-volume plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, antiplatelet drugs: Treatment for TTP.
Malignancy and hyperparathyroidism: The most common causes of hypercalcemia.
Central pontine myelinolysis: Complication of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia.
Klebsiella: Name the organism: ■ "Currant jelly" sputum.
Elevated ICP, RBCs, xanthochromia: CSF findings with SAH.
Glomerulonephritis/nephritic syndrome: Presence of red cell casts in urine sediment.
Emergent laparotomy to repair perforated viscus, likely stomach: Patient presents with sudden onset of severe, diffuse abdominal pain. Exam reveals peritoneal signs and AXR reveals free air under the diaphragm. Management?
1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). Treat with replacement glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and IV fluids: A patient presents with weakness, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and new skin pigmentation. Labs show hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Treatment?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip. If severe, consider a Pavlik harness to maintain abduction: A first-born female who was born in breech position is found to have asymmetric skin folds on her newborn exam. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Subdural hematoma—bridging veins torn: A crescent-shaped hyperdensity on CT that does not cross the midline.
High reliability, low validity: Describe a test that consistently gives identical results, but the results are wrong.
Legionella pneumonia: A 55-year-old man who is a smoker and a heavy drinker presents with a new cough and flulike symptoms. Gram stain shows no organisms; silver stain of sputum shows gram-negative rods. What is the diagnosis?
Membranous glomerulonephritis: The most common form of nephritic syndrome.
Sarcoidosis: Dyspnea, lateral hilar lymphodenopathy on CXR, noncaseating granulomas, increased ACE, and hypercalcemia.
Yersinia: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Pseudoappendicitis
Self-limited, painless vaginal bleeding: Symptoms of placenta previa.
Acute pancreatitis: Sentinel loop on AXR.
The IR of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor ÷ the IR of those not exposed: Relative risk?
Seventy percent if the stenosis is symptomatic: What % lesion is an indication for carotid endarterectomy?
Alzheimer's and multi-infarct: The most common causes of dementia.
Conversion disorder: A 17-year-old female has left arm paralysis after her boyfriend dies in a car crash. No medical cause is found.
Widened mediastinum (> 8 cm), loss of aortic knob, pleural cap, tracheal deviation to the right, depression of left main stem bronchus: Radiographic evidence of aortic disruption or dissection.
Dantrolene or bromocriptine: Treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Cerebral berry aneurysms (AD PCKD): A 20-year-old man presents with a palpable flank mass and hematuria. Ultrasound shows bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts. Associated brain anomaly?
RSV bronchiolitis: Infection of small airways with epidemics in winter and spring.
Febrile seizures (roseola infantum): An infant has a high fever and onset of rash as fever breaks. What is he at risk for?
1 ÷ (rate in untreated group − rate in treated group): Number needed to treat?
Ophthalmologic exam, CT, and MRI: Tests to rule out shaken baby syndrome.
Out: Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule _____ a disease.
Inhaled β-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids: Treatment for mild, persistent asthma.
HBV immunoglobulin: Post-HBV exposure treatment.
Sheehan's syndrome (postpartum pituitary necrosis): A patient fails to lactate after an emergency C-section with marked blood loss.
Treat existing heart failure and replace the tricuspid valve: IV drug use with JVD and holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border. Treatment?
Arthralgias, migratory polyarthropathies, Bell's palsy, myocarditis: Characteristics of 2° Lyme disease.
Acute mania, immunosuppression, thin skin, osteoporosis, easy bruising, myopathies: Side effects of corticosteroids.
Sturge-Weber syndrome. Treat symptomatically. Possible focal cerebral resection of affected lobe: A six-year-old girl presents with a port-wine stain in the V2 distribution as well as with mental retardation, seizures, and leptomeningeal angioma.
Nitroprusside: Treatment for malignant hypertension.
IV benzodiazepine: First-line medication for status epilepticus.
Cardiogenic shock: ↓ CO, ↑ PCWP, ↑ PVR.
Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition): A homeless child is small for his age and has peeling skin and a swollen belly.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: ↑ risk of what infection with silicosis?
Reye's syndrome: Sudden onset of mental status changes, emesis, and liver dysfunction after taking aspirin.
Salmonella: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Poultry/eggs
Number of deaths from 20 weeks' gestation to one month of life per 1000 total births: Perinatal mortality?
Calcium oxalate: The most common type of nephrolithiasis.
Pregnancy, vesicoureteral reflux, anatomic anomalies, indwelling catheters, kidney stones: Risk factors for pyelonephritis.
Parvovirus B19: Virus associated with aplastic anemia in patients with sickle cell anemia.
Pseudomonas: Name the organism: ■ Osteomyelitis from foot wound puncture.
Biliary tract obstruction: A 40-year-old obese female with elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated bilirubin, pruritus, dark urine, and clay-colored stools.
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) due to E. coli O157:H7: A four-year-old child presents with oliguria, petechiae, and jaundice following an illness with bloody diarrhea. Most likely diagnosis and cause?
Pityriasis versicolor: Pinkish, scaling, flat lesions on the chest and back. KOH prep has a "spaghetti-and-meatballs" appearance.
Headache: The most frequent presentation of intracranial neoplasm.
Bacterial meningitis: CSF findings: ■ Low glucose, PMN predominance
Dressler's syndrome: fever, pericarditis, ↑ ESR: Autoimmune complication occurring 2-4 weeks post-MI.
Folate deficiency: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia without neurologic symptoms.
Hypoparathyroidism: A patient presents with signs of hypocalcemia, high phosphorus, and low PTH.
PT: The coagulation parameter affected by warfarin.
Crohn's disease: A 25-year-old Jewish male presents with pain and watery diarrhea after meals. Exam shows fistulas between the bowel and skin and nodular lesions on his tibias.
Pharmacologic stress test (e.g., dobutamine echo): Appropriate diagnostic test? ■ A 65-year-old woman with left bundle branch block and severe osteoarthritis has unstable angina.
Fecal occult blood test and sigmoidoscopy; suspect colorectal cancer: An elderly male with hypochromic, microcytic anemia is asymptomatic. Diagnostic tests?
Confounding variable: If you want to know if race affects infant mortality rate but most of the variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a _____.
Intracellular inclusions seen in thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, and postsplenectomy: Heinz bodies?
Highly sensitive for TB: PPD reactivity is used as a screening test because most people with TB (except those who are anergic) will have a +PPD. Highly sensitive or specific?
Fibrin split products and D-dimer are elevated; platelets, fibrinogen, and hematocrit are ↓.: Which of the following are ↑ in DIC: fibrin split products, D-dimer, fibrinogen, platelets, and hematocrit.
Flumazenil: Treatment for benzodiazepine overdose.
Hodgkin's lymphoma: Reed-Sternberg cells
7-10 days: Neutropenic nadir postchemotherapy.
Wrist drop, loss of thumb abduction: Signs suggesting radial nerve damage with humeral fracture.
Prevalence: Cross-sectional survey—incidence or prevalence?
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney, GI tract: The most common 1° sources of metastases to the brain.
Rate control with carotid massasge or other vagal stimulation: Treatment of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
Reactive (Reiter's) arthritis. Associated with Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, Chlamydia, and Ureaplasma: Arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis in young men. Associated organisms?
N-acetylcysteine: Treatment for acetaminophen overdose.
Femoral hernia: Hernia with highest risk of incarceration—indirect, direct, or femoral?
False. Patients may change their minds at any time. Exceptions to the requirement of informed consent include emergency situations and patients without decision-making capacity: True or false: Once patients sign a statement giving consent, they must continue treatment.
ETEC: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Traveler's diarrhea
Number of deaths per 1000 population: Mortality rate?
CHF, shock, and altered mental status: Common symptoms associated with silent MIs.
Diphenhydramine or epinephrine 1:1000: Treatment of anaphylactic shock.
V/Q scan: The diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism.
Cirrhosis, CHF, nephritic syndrome: Differential of hypervolemic hyponatremia.
CF or Hirschsprung's disease: A neonate has meconium ileus.
ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia), flattened T waves, and Q waves: ECG findings suggesting MI.
Phototherapy (mild) or exchange transfusion (severe): Treatment for mild and severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala): Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and hyperdocility.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A young patient with a family history of sudden death collapses and dies while exercising.
Hypotension and bradycardia: Signs of neurogenic shock.
Parvovirus B19: Aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease.
Esophageal atresia with distal TEF (85%). Unable to pass NG tube: The most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Diagnosis?
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Life-threatening muscle rigidity, fever, and rhabdomyolysis.
Osgood-Schlatter disease: An active 13-year-old boy has anterior knee pain. Diagnosis?
Alport's syndrome: Glomerulonephritis with deafness.
Normal: Cold water is flushed into a patient's ear, and the fast phase of the nystagmus is toward the opposite side. Normal or pathological?
Placental abruption and placenta previa: 1° causes of third-trimester bleeding.
Check for ↑ ICP; look for papilledema: What should always be done prior to LP?
Anticholinergics (oxybutynin) or β-adrenergics (metaproterenol) for urge incontinence.: A 30-year-old woman has unpredictable urine loss. Examination is normal. Medical options?
Septic or anaphylactic shock: ↑ CO, ↓ PCWP, ↓ PVR.
Colposcopy and endocervical curettage: Two consecutive findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) on Pap smear. Follow-up evaluation?
Metformin: An antidiabetic agent associated with lactic acidosis.
Infection, cancer, and autoimmune disease: The three most common causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO).
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): Hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass.
68%, 95.5%, 99.7%: The percentage of cases within one SD of the mean? Two SDs? Three SDs?
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Genetic disorder associated with multiple fractures and commonly mistaken for child abuse.
Paget's disease: Breast malignancy presenting as itching, burning, and erosion of the nipple.
Transitional cell carcinoma: The most common histology of bladder cancer.
Antipsychotics (neuroleptic malignant syndrome): Class of drugs that may cause syndrome of muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
Candidal thrush. Workup should include an HIV test. Treat with nystatin oral suspension: A 24-year-old male presents with soft white plaques on his tongue and the back of his throat. Diagnosis? Workup? Treatment?
Identify cause; pressors (e.g., dobutamine): Treatment of cardiogenic shock.
Niacin: Hypercholesterolemia treatment that → flushing and pruritus.
HBV, DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV: Vaccinations at a six-month well-child visit.
Haemophilus ducreyi: Name the organism: ■ Painful chancroid.
Trauma, alcohol withdrawal, brain tumor: The most common cause of seizures in young adults (18-35 years).
Campylobacter: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Most common organism
Correct metabolic abnormalities. Then correct pyloric stenosis with pyloromyotomy: A two-month-old presents with nonbilious projectile emesis. What are the appropriate steps in management?
Erythema multiforme: Iris-like target lesions.
Weight loss and OCPs: Therapy for polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Polymyalgia rheumatica: An elderly female presents with pain and stiffness of the shoulders and hips; she cannot lift her arms above her head. Labs show anemia and ↑ ESR.
Nephrolithiasis: A 49-year-old male presents with acute-onset flank pain and hematuria.
Malingering: After a minor fender bender, a man wears a neck brace and requests permanent disability.
Naloxone: Treatment for opioid overdose.
Hypovolemic shock: ↓ CO, ↓ pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), ↑ peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).
Pentad of TTP—"FAT RN": Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal dysfunction, Neurologic abnormalities: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) pentad?
Hypoxia and hypocarbia: Acid-base disorder in pulmonary embolism.
Kegel exercises, estrogen, pessaries for stress incontinence: A 50-year-old woman leaks urine when laughing or coughing. Nonsurgical options?
Parkland formula: Method of calculating fluid repletion in burn patients.
Wernicke's encephalopathy due to a deficiency of thiamine: Confusion, confabulation, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia.
SSRIs: First-line pharmacotherapy for depression.
Rubella: A "blueberry muffin" rash is characteristic of what congenital infection?
Klebsiella: Name the organism: ■ Alcoholic with pneumonia.
Nephrotic syndrome: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria, edema.
Fat, female, fertile, forty, flatulent: Risk factors for cholelithiasis.
Oral or topical metronidazole: Treatment for bacterial vaginosis.
RUQ pain, jaundice, and fever/chills in the setting of ascending cholangitis: Charcot's triad.
Anion gap acidosis and 1° respiratory alkalosis due to central respiratory stimulation: Salicylate ingestion → in what type of acid-base disorder?
Herpes simplex: A painful, recurrent vesicular eruption of mucocutaneous surfaces.
Basal cell carcinoma: The most common type of skin cancer; the lesion is a pearly-colored papule with a translucent surface and telangiectasias.
Gout. Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals are seen on joint fluid aspirate. Chronic treatment with allopurinol or probenecid: A 55-year-old man has sudden, excruciating first MTP joint pain after a night of drinking red wine. Diagnosis, workup, and chronic treatment?
Squamous cell carcinoma: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) associated with hypercalcemia.
Precocious puberty: Tanner stage 3 in a six-year-old female.
Hereditary spherocytosis: The most common inherited hemolytic anemia.
Psoriasis: Red plaques with silvery-white scales and sharp margins.
Number of deaths from 28 days to one year per 1000 live births: Postnatal mortality?
They can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia: Why are β-blockers contraindicated in diabetics?
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, but lung cancer causes more deaths: The most common cancer in men and the most common cause of death from cancer in men.
Wait, surgical resection, radiation and/or androgen suppression: A 55-year-old man is diagnosed with prostate cancer. Treatment options?
Benzodiazepines: Treatment for DTs.
Rett's disorder: A five-month-old girl has ↓ head growth, truncal dyscoordination, and ↓ social interaction.
Ultrasound: How to diagnose and follow a leiomyoma.
ALS: Combined UMN and LMN disorder.
Squamous cell carcinoma: Exophytic nodules on the skin with varying degrees of scaling or ulceration; the second most common type of skin cancer.
30 cc/hour: Acceptable urine output in a stable patient.
Contact dermatitis: A lesion characteristically occurring in a linear pattern in areas where skin comes into contact with clothing or jewelry.
B12 deficiency: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with neurologic symptoms.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A 10-year-old boy presents with fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Examination shows anterior mediastinal mass. Suspected diagnosis?
Acne vulgaris: Associated with Propionibacterium acnes and changes in androgen levels.
Retinoic acid: Treatment for AML M3.
CML: A 50-year-old male presents with early satiety, splenomegaly, and bleeding. Cytogenetics show t(9,22). Diagnosis?
RCC or other erythropoietin-producing tumor; evaluate with CT scan: Elevated erythropoietin level, elevated hematocrit, and normal O2 saturation suggest?
CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound: Annual screening for women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer.
Osteoarthritis: Joint pain and stiffness that worsen over the course of the day and are relieved by rest.
TICS—Thalassemia, Iron deficiency, anemia of Chronic disease, and Sideroblastic anemia: Four causes of microcytic anemia.
Pregnant women. Treat this group aggressively because of potential complications: Which healthy population is susceptible to UTIs?
Hypokalemia: T-wave flattening and U waves.
Endometriosis: The most common cause of female infertility.
Chronic granulomatous disease: What is the immunodeficiency? ■ A boy has chronic respiratory infections. Nitroblue tetrazolium test is +.
Fluids and antibiotics: Treatment of septic shock.
Type IV (distal) RTA: RTA associated with aldosterone defect.
Iron deficiency anemia: Microcytic anemia with ↓ serum iron, ↓ ferritin, and ↑ TIBC.
Fever, pharyngeal erythema, tonsillar exudate, lack of cough: Four signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis.
Lesion of 1° Lyme disease: Erythema migrans.
Continuous, painful vaginal bleeding: Symptoms of placental abruption.
Intraductal papilloma: The most common cause of bloody nipple discharge.
Aseptic (viral) meningitis: CSF findings: ■ Normal glucose, lymphocytic predominance
Endometrial biopsy: Diagnostic step required in a postmenopausal woman who presents with vaginal bleeding.
Real threat of harm to third parties; suicidal intentions; certain contagious diseases; elder and child abuse: Conditions in which confidentiality must be overridden.
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure: HUS triad?
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Name the organism: ■ Meningitis in elderly.
Factor V Leiden mutation: The most common inherited cause of hypercoagulability.
MS: CSF findings: ■ ↑ gamma globulins
Alopecia areata (autoimmune process): A 16-year-old presents with an annular patch of alopecia with broken-off, stubby hairs.
Surfactant deficiency: Cause of neonatal RDS.
Bacillus cereus: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Fried rice
Lichen planus: Flat-topped papules.
Neisseria meningitidis: Name the organism: ■ Meningitis in adults.
Mild illness and/or low-grade fever, current antibiotic therapy, and prematurity: Not contraindications to vaccination.
Partial mole: Molar pregnancy containing fetal tissue.
Selective IgA deficiency: The most common 1° immunodeficiency.
Likely BPH. Options include no treatment, terazosin, finasteride, or surgical intervention (TURP): A 55-year-old man presents with irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms. Treatment options?
105 bacteria/mL: The number of bacterial culture on a clean-catch specimen to diagnose a UTI.
Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) intoxication: A violent patient has vertical and horizontal nystagmus.
Cohort studies can be used to calculate relative risk (RR), incidence, and/or odds ratio (OR). Case-control studies can be used to calculate an OR: Difference between a cohort and a case-control study.
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia: "Stones, bones, groans, psychiatric overtones."
Schizophreniform disorder (diagnosis of schizophrenia requires ≥ 6 months of symptoms): A 21-year-old male has three months of social withdrawal, worsening grades, flattened affect, and concrete thinking.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis: The most common cause of hypothyroidism.
Epidural hematoma. Middle meningeal artery. Neurosurgical evacuation: A history significant for initial altered mental status with an intervening lucid interval. Diagnosis? Most likely etiology? Treatment?
Fever, heart murmur, Osler's nodes, splinter hemorrhages, Janeway lesions, Roth's spots: Classic physical findings for endocarditis.
Levodopa/carbidopa: The mainstay of Parkinson's therapy.
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: An autosomal-recessive disorder with a defect in the GPIIbIIIa platelet receptor and ↓ platelet aggregation.
Excessive EtOH: The most common cause of hypertension in young men.
Continuous positive airway pressure: Supportive treatment for ARDS.
Patients with IBD; those with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)/hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC); and those who have first-degree relatives with adenomatous polyps (< 60 years of age) or colorectal cancer: In which patients do you initiate colorectal cancer screening early?
Consider Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: A patient presents with recent PID with RUQ pain.
Encapsulated organisms--pneumococcus, meningococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella: Asplenic patients are particularly susceptible to these organisms.
Murphy's sign, seen in acute cholecystitis: Inspiratory arrest during palpation of the RUQ.
Menometrorrhagia: Term for heavy bleeding during and between menstrual periods.
Acute dystonia (oculogyric crisis). Treat with benztropine or diphenhydramine: A young weight lifter receives IV haloperidol and complains that his eyes are deviated sideways. Diagnosis? Treatment?
DI: Low urine specific gravity in the presence of high serum osmolality.
Trichomonas vaginitis: A patient has ↑ vaginal discharge and petechial patches in the upper vagina and cervix.
OCPs, danazol, GnRH agonists: Medical options for endometriosis.
Number of live births per 1000 women 15-44 years of age: Fertility rate?
↑ serum FSH: Lab values suggestive of menopause.
Weight gain, type 2 DM, QT prolongation: Key side effects of atypical antipsychotics.
Snowstorm on ultrasound. "Cluster-of-grapes" appearance on gross examination: Classic ultrasound and gross appearance of complete hydatidiform mole.
Actinomyces israelii: Name the organism: ■ Branching rods in oral infection.
Asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation, large diameter: Four characteristics of a nevus suggestive of melanoma.
Choriocarcinoma: Testicular cancer associated with β-hCG, AFP.
Pseudomonas: Name the organism: ■ Infection in burn victims.
Incidence and prevalence: Cohort study—incidence or prevalence?
Clostridium difficile: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Recent antibiotic use
> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured: Indications for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Immediate cardioversion: Treatment for ventricular fibrillation.
Lead-time bias: Bias introduced when screening detects a disease earlier and thus lengthens the time from diagnosis to death.
Pseudomonas: The most common organism in burn-related infections.
Actinic keratosis: Premalignant lesion from sun exposure that can → squamous cell carcinoma.
Hypotension, distant heart sounds, and JVD: Beck's triad for cardiac tamponade.
Oral surgery—amoxicillin; GI or GU procedures—ampicillin and gentamicin before and amoxicillin after: Endocarditis prophylaxis regimens.
↓ protein intake, lactulose, neomycin: Medical treatment for hepatic encephalopathy.
ARDS: Hypoxemia and pulmonary edema with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Giardia: Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Camping
The patient is a danger to self, a danger to others, or gravely disabled (unable to provide for basic needs): Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization can be undertaken for which three reasons?
Suspect ankylosing spondylitis. Check HLA-B27: Hip and back pain along with stiffness that improves with activity over the course of the day and worsens at rest. Diagnostic test?
Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides: Antibiotics with teratogenic effects.
Renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, unilateral renal parenchymal disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism: Eight surgically correctable causes of hypertension.
Slipped capital femoral epiphyses. AP and frog-leg lateral view: An 11-year-old obese, African-American boy presents with sudden onset of limp. Diagnosis? Workup?
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): Lung cancer associated with SIADH.
Isolation: Name the defense mechanism: ■ A woman calmly describes a grisly murder.
Both have ↑ hematocrit and RBC mass, but polycythemia vera should have normal O2 saturation and low erythropoietin levels: How to distinguish polycythemia vera from 2° polycythemia.
High-dose aspirin for inflammation and fever; IVIG to prevent coronary artery aneurysms: Acute-phase treatment for Kawasaki disease.
All-compartment fasciotomy for suspected compartment syndrome: A patient presents with pain on passive movement, pallor, poikilothermia, paresthesias, paralysis, and pulselessness. Treatment?
Higher incidence: Epidemics such as influenza—higher prevalence or incidence?
Cutaneous anthrax. Treat with penicillin G or ciprofloxacin: Initially presents with a pruritic papule with regional lymphadenopathy and evolves into a black eschar after 7-10 days. Treatment?

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 460