An 10
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Define Epilespy
- Chronically recurring cerebral dysrythmia originating from an abnormal group of neurons (focus) having frequent bursts of abnormal electrical activity which then spread to neighboring cells, & result in a seizure
- Epilepsy symptoms:
-
1. intermittenc seizures for no underlying reason
2. unconscuius
3. unresponsive
4. muscle contractions
5. Impaired swallowing
6. Excessive salivation
7. teeth chattering from rapid jaw movement - 3 Types of seizures:
-
1. Comples partial (grand mal
2. Generalized grand mal
3. Simple - What is another name for cerebral disrythemia?
- epilepsy
- What is the signalment for epilepsy?
- 1-4 year old animals
- Differential between the 3 types of seizures
-
1. Complex partial - small musc. movement - only 1 part of body twitching; loss of consciousness
1 side of brain only
2. Generalized grand mal
Both sides of brain
Can't swallow
Big musc movement
Loss of consciousness
3. Simple - petit mal
NO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
normal electro stays in 1 hemi of the brain - 2 types of muscle contractions
-
1. TOnic - contimuous muscluar activity - twitching
2. Clonic - alternating contraction & relaxxation - may not be rhythmic - 3 Phases of seizures
-
1. Pre- ictal or aural - circuling & hiding, whining, stare into space
2. Ictal - muscular movement, chattering teeth, loss of consciousness, eyelids roll back, 15 seconds or less
3. Post-ictal - disoriented, hide, may not recognize owner, cats go under deep cover, saliva on face & back - What is "status epilepticus"
- Brain tumors or poison of heavy metals'15 minute or more in duration.
- Causes of seizures
-
1. Extracerebral -
-poisoning,
-hypoglycemia( kittens & puppies),
-hypoclacemia,
-heat stroke,
-organ malfunction,
-hypoxia (lack of oxygen
2. Cerebral-
- tumors
- head trauma
- CVA ( stroke)
- Anscess
- hydrocephallus ( water btwn brain & cranium
-congenital defects
- high fever - How do you dx epilepsy?
-
1. Hx - age - 1 to 4 years, pruebred
2. PE - look for other neurological signs like head tilt
3. Blood work to R/O stuff
4. EEG or MRI* more common
5. CSF for bacteria -
How is the seizure threshold determined?
- what is a high threshold
- what is a low threshold? -
High - you are NOT likely to seizure
low- You are likely to seizure - How do you measure phenobarbital?
- In grains
- What does acetylpromazine do?
- Lowers the seizure threshold
- What does valium do?
- Raises the seizure threshold. Use it for mid-seizure
- What does catamine do?
- Lowers the seizure threshold. It may cause seizures so use it simultaneously with valium
- What is the most common drug used during a seizure?
- Diazepamwhich depresses the subcortical levels - acts as a sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-convulsive
- What is panosteitis?
- An inflammatory disease of the long bones, esp humerousm radius, ulna, femur & tibia
- Signalment for panosteitis?
-
Young male dogs,when dog has a major growth spurt esp:
Sheps, dobies & mixes of these - Suspected causes of panosteitis?
-
1.Possibly bacteria
2. bone stress(working & agility dogs)
3. hyperextrogenism
4. heredity - breed predilection
5. virus - Symptoms of panosteitis?
-
1. acut3e onset of lameness unrelated to trauma
2. May undergo spontaneous remission & relapse in a different limb - Dx of panosteitis?
-
1. Orthopedic exam to test joints & bones
2. Radiographs - increaswe radiopacity or medulllary canal
Do a comparison between sides
BLOOD & PE are not too revealing - Tx & care for panosteitis?
-
1. Usually self limiting
2. Analgesics
3. Anti-inflammartory - NO CORTICOID STEROIDS Ffor young dogs
4. Pain meds
5. rest - Define Degenerative myelopathy
- A progressive degenerative condition of the spinal cord
- Which are of the spinal cord is usually affected in Degenerative myelopathy?
- lower spinal cord
- Degenative myelopathy occurs in who?
- Older than 7 years old German Shepards, & Shep mies -
- Symptoms of Degenerative myelopathy
-
1.Weakness & eventual paralysis of the rear legs
2. fecal/ urinary incontinence
3. scraped topenails from dragging rear legs - Prognosis for Degenerative myelopathy
- No cure, degeneration cannot be reversed. Slow degeneration & eventual euthanasia
- Care for patients with Degenerative myelopathy
-
1. Steriods may help early on
2. EACA - animocaproic acid
3. accupuncture may help slow down degeneration & help with pain - What is "wobbler's syndrome"
- Cervical vertebral instability; CVI
- Which dogs are sussuptible to CVI
- Large, fast growing dogs like Danes, Dobies, Rodesian Ridgebacks
- Which breeed of horse gets CVI
- Arabian horses
- What can cause CVI
-
1. diet
2. trauma
3. disc disease
4. vertebral or caritlage deformities - What are symptoms of CVI
-
1. hindlimb incoordination (walking on eggshells)
2. dysmetria - unsteady gait
3. neck held rigidly
4. pain may be present, absent or intermittent - How do you treat acute CVI
-
TREAT AS AN EMERGENCY
1. IV Steroids & painkillers
2. Muscle relaxant
3. hand feed
4. rest & confinement
4. surgery - How do you treat chronic CVI
- May not be able to fix so just treat symptoms
- Surgery may work for CVI if it is caused by ____?
- Cartilaginous or bone defect
- Define Osteochondritis Dessicans (OCD)?
- the developement of a cartilaginous flap from where a piece of cartilafge has detached from the joint surface (which is normally smooth)
- Which dogs are most susseptible to OCD)
-
1. Fast growing breeds
2. young males 6-9 months - What joints are most likely to be affected by OCD?
-
1/ Shoulder joint
2. Stifle
3. hip
4. carpi
5. tarses - What causes OCD?
-
1. overwt
2. Barrel chested dogs like bassets & bull dogs
3. articular incongruity - congeenital or traumatic
4. overactivity
5. other joint stress - overcompensation from injury on opposite side - Symptoms of OCD?
-
1. lameness
2. joint pain
3. Decreased ROM
4. Altered gait
5. non-wt bearing - How to dx OCD?
-
1. Orthopedic evaluation
2. radiographs
3. arthrogram - inject dye into joint cavity- dye will sink in the divet - TX for OCD
-
1. Some spontaneously resolve
2. surgery
3. anti-inflammatories like rymadil
4. Pain medication - What is IDS
- Intervertebral Disk SYndrome, disk injury
- Which dogs are most susseptible to IDS
-
Dachshunds & Pekes
Long backed dogs - corgis, pigmy - What is the cause of IDS
- Sudden, unaccustomed movement causes disk injury, resulting in mengeal irritation & spinal cord compression which impedes the nerve impulses
- What is an extrusion of the disk & who gets it?
-
Rupture of the annulus, the nucleus is released into the vertebral canal
2. herniated material compresses the spinal cord
Long backed dogs - What is a protrusion of the disk * who gets it?
-
Dorsal Bulgign - NO RUPTURE
2. disk itself compresses into the Spinal cord
Large breed dogs - Which x-ray view provides the most information of IDS?
- Lateral
- What is sponfrosis
- Calcified bridge between the vertebrae which decreased ROM
- What are symptoms of IDS?
-
1. hyperesthesia
2. loss of conscious proprioception
3. loss of voluntary motor fnction
4. Loss of superficial pain sensation
5. Loss of deep pain sensation - Tx for retrotubulatr abscess?
- Drain the pus thru the roof of the mouth behind the last tooth
- What is a sequestered infection & give an example
-
1. Hidden infection
2. retrotubulatr abscess? - What is the medical name for "dry eye" & definition?
-
keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
inflammation of the cornea & conjunctiva as a result of dryness to the globe of the eye from inadequate tear prod`uction - Which breeds are pre-disposed to keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
- 1. Bernese & swiss mountain dogs
- What causes keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
-
1. Genetics
2. Ulcers
3. Chronic environmental allergies
4. Eyelid malformation
5. Old age
6. Sulfa drugs - What are the symptoms of keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
-
1. mucopurulent discharge
2. red
3. +/- pain
4. hazy look of a scarred cornea -
What is the way to reach a definitive Dx for keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
Describe the procedure -
Schermer Tear Test to measure the tear production
Put little notches from the test under the eyelid & wait 1 minute
Normal 10-15mm
Abnormal 5mm or below - Tx for keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
- Ointment & carefully clean
- Prognosis for keratitis conjunctivitis sicca
- NEVER CURE - just manage
- What are causes of conjunctivitis?
-
1.Infestion - esp in respiratory dz of cats
2. Dogs' allergies
3. Foreign body like a foxtail
4. Chemical irritation - Symptoms of conjunctivitis?
-
1. Ocular discharge
2. Red
3. Swollen
4. Painful
5. itchy - Tx for conjunctivitis?
-
1. Frequent cleaning
2. DO NOT RUB - FLUSH
3. Antibiotics W/O STERIODS
EXCEPT - CATS with swollen lids - tx for a few days then tx- stain for ulcers - Define glaucoma?
- increased intraoccular pressure caused by inadequate drainage of aqueous humor due to narrowed iridocorneal angle or overproduction of aqueous humor
- Which breeds are pre-disposed to glaucoma?
-
1.Boxers
2. Boston terriers
3. Beagles
4. Cockers - What are the usual causes of glaucoma?
-
1. congenital
2. other eye problem like subluxating lens
3. inflammation of the iris
4. Old age
#1 CAUSE OF BLINDNESS IN OLDER DOGS - Symptoms of glaucoma?
-
1. Pain
2. Probabe headach
3. blepharospasm ( closed eye)
4. Cloudy cornea
5. Unresponsive pupil
6. Scleral redness
7. byphthalmos (swollen bulgy eye)
8. vision loss - Dx for glaucoma?
- Test IOP with a Schiotz tonometer or tonopen or coneoscope
- What is the Fluorscein Dye test & what does it test for?
-
1.Flush eye
2. Apply sspecial orange strip to medial canthus -
3. Flush 2x w/ saline
(or put bit of strip in the salinein the syringe)
4. DO NOT DIRECTLY TOUCH THE CORNEAL
5. Read with a Wood's lamp for ulcer
Detects corneal ulcers in which are tears of perforaction of the cornea - What is tonometry to test?
-
Measures the tone of the globe of the eye for IOP or interocular pressure
Normal = 6-12 mm which = 15-30mm of pressure - Tx for glaucoma & define the procedures
-
1. miotics - contrac pupil & iris to reduce IOP by advancing the fluid in the eyeball
2. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - works on ciliary body to slow production of aqueous humor. (use with miotics
3. mannitol - osmotic diuretic - synthesized sugar which helps to draw fluid out of the cell
4. corrective surgery for subluxated lens
5. enucleation - eye removal - What is otitis
- Inflammatrion of the ear
- What is an ocular emergency?
-
1. Glaucoma
2. Anytime the eye is hyphema (bloody eyeball_
3. Proptosis - prolapsed eyeball -
what is the most common problem dealt with in a Vet Clinic?
& WHY -
Ear problems
Tend to be chronic - What is the most common of ear problem affecting the pinna & ear canal
- O. externa
- What cause O. externa
-
1. Allergies
2. Parasites
3. Foreign bodies
4. microorganisma
5. Wax - What does yeast look like
- dark blue stained footprint
- Symptoms of O. externa
-
1. red
2. Painful
3. itchy
4. odorous
5. exudates
6. sensitive - Dx for O. externa?
-
1. PE
2. Sample stained with DifQuik
3. Otic exam
4. Mite check
5. Cl. both ears even if primary complaint is only 1 ear - Tx for O. externa
-
1. ear clean
2. earr meds
3. treat source of problem - What is ear ablation?
- Cutting a larger ear canal, tx for O. externa
- Define Otisis Media
- middle ear
- What is the most important steps in PE of ear disorders
-
1. Collect samples FIRST
2. Check for ruptured ear drum - What are causes for O. media?
-
1. 50% of O. externa become have ruptured ear drum with O. media
2. Nose. throat/sinus infection
3. Trauma
4. Foxtails or other FB - Symptoms of O. media
-
1. Head shake
2. Pain
3. head shymess
4. head tilt - TX of O. media
-
1. systemic antibiotics
2.steriods
3. dry clean external ear canal
DO NOT FLUSH!!!
4. tx source of problem - What are causes for O. media in rabbits?
-
1. Pastereulla
2. Protozoan organism effecting liver & brain - Define O. interna
- inner ear associated with balance, cochlea(hearing)
- Causes of O. interna
-
1. infection
2. extension of otic dz
3. trauma
4. tumors
5. FB
6. R/O old age vesticular dz & tumor
7. head trauma
8. brain damage - Tx for O.interna
-
1.antibiotics
2. steroid
3. analgesic
4. fluids
5. handfeeding
6. cage rest - Symptoms of O. interna
-
1. pain
2. circling head
3. head tilt
4. loss of balance
5. lossd of hearing - Dx for O. interna
-
1. otoscoptic exam
2. skull rads for tympanic bulla - What is the scientific ear mites
- "Otodectes cyanotic"
- Symptoms of ear mites
-
1. thick tarry exudate from the ear
2. highly pruritic - Tx for ear mites?
-
1. clean ears daily
2. apply topical mitecide
3.Ivermectin SQ once a week for 3 weeks
4. acarexx - Symptoms of fly strikes
-
1. Dry crusty blood collects around the pinna margin
2. Ear can become ulcersted & erode
3.itchy & painful - Causes of fly strike
-
1. fly bites around if ear pinna
2. draw blood & attracts more flies - Tx of fly strike
-
1. clip & clean margins
2. apply Ab salve
3. fly repellent
4. fly control - Define aural hematoma
- vessels w/in the pinna burst (usually due to head shaking) causing blood to accumulate btwn skin & cartlage
- Causes of aural hematoma
-
1. otic condition that promotes head shaking
2. dogs, cats & horses - Tx of aural hemotoma
-
1. allow to resorb
2. spirate
3. marrary teat drain
4. surgery - quilt sitching - Define dermatitus
- inflammation of the skin
- Causes of dermatitus
-
1. external irritants
2. burn & other traumas - road rash
3. allergies - biggest cause
4. infestion/infestation - What are the levels of pruritis
- levels 1- 10 levels of itching
- Kinds of allergies causing dermatitis
-
1. contact dermatitis
2. FAD - flea allergy
3. Cats- meillary dermitits
4. Interdigital
5. atophy
6.- inhalation dermatitis
7. pyoderma - pus skin - hot spots
8. lip fold dermatitis - lips that are convoluted get stuff gets caught in them - What breed are pre-disposed to lip flod dermatitis
- 1. Bostyon terriers, pugs, boxers - brachiecephalic breeds
- How does the look of acute dermatitis differ from chronic dermatitis?
-
Acute- red & angry & moist
Chronic -thick, grey & convoluted - What are diagnostic tools used for dermatitis?
-
1. Imperiacal
2.Skin scrapes
3 cultures
4. Wright's stain
5. biopsy
6. allergy testing - Tx for dermatitis includes:
-
1. Systemic & topical (steroids)
2.Antihistimines
3. antibiotics
4. tranquilizers
5. topicals
6, - Define Acral pruritic nodule?
- lickiosis - raised lesion on extremeties that dog keeps licking which aggrevates the problem
- Tx for Acral pruritic nodule
-
1. steroid injections
2. systemic
3. topical
4. bandages
5. socks
6. e-collar
7 distraction - What is the scientific name for rodent ulcer?
-
Eosinophilic Granuloma:
A chronic dermatosis occuring on the lips, oral mucosa, & abdomen of cats of any age or sex
"Upper Lip" dermatitis - TX for eosinophilic granuloma
-
1. Debride for a fresh start
2. systemic steroids
3. cleanse lesion
4. biopsy for carcinoma
5. anti-biotics - Define Feline Acne
- comedones (blackheads) on lips, chin & face of catrs
- Causes of Feline Acne
-
1. hormones
2. plastic feeding bowl - chin abrasions
3. self brushers - Define seborrhea
- "flow of sebum" a chronic non-pruritic skin condition
-
Description of Sicca seborrhea
& who is predisposed? -
dry, alopecia, fine white scales, coat is lusterless
Setters, sheps, dobbies -
Describe oleosa seborrhea
& who is predisposed? -
Oily, sticky hair, smelly & greasy, otitis externa may be an extension
Cockers & other spaniels - Causes of seborrhea
-
1. abnormal lipid content of skin
2. thyroid disorders (hypothyroid)
3. fatty acid deficiency in diet
4.malabsorptionof fats (shepards)
5. 2nd to other chronic skin problems
6. old age - Tx for seborrhea
-
1. Improved diet
2. anti-seborrheic shampoos
3. oils or lotion - Prognosis for seborrhea
- chronic, may lead to euthanasia
- Signalment & cause for Miliary Dermatitis?
-
cats
allergic reaction to ???? +/- fleas - Symptoms of Miliary Dermatitis
-
1. Bumpy crusty lesiona over dorsal & sacral regions
2. partial alopecia
3. thinning, broken hair
4. pruritic - DX for Miliary Dermatitis
-
1. Symptoms
2. Biospy
3. allergy testing - Tx for Miliary Dermatitis
-
1. systemic steroids
2. flea control
3. topicals - Define pyometra
- pus-filled uterus
- Stages of estrous cycle in K-9
-
1. anestrus
2. proestrus _ovulation prep, swollen vulva, whitish discharge
3. estrus - ovulation
4. metestrus - progesterone increasem estrogen decreases & whitish discharge - K-9 estrous occurs ______/ year
- Semi-annual
- Feline Estrous
-
1. Seasonally polyestrus - srping & fall
2.Induced ovulator - 5-10 days if not stimulated then will start again forever
3. Stays in heat until all eggs are dropped
4.Contact w/ male keeps female in heat for 0-10 days
5. ovulation on stimulation of the cervix by the penis barb - Hallmark behavior of feline estrous
-
1. vocalization
2. affectionate
3. lorodosis
4. tail erect - Length of copulation in felines
- 5-10 seconds
- Causes of pyometra
-
1. hormonally mediated
2. usually post-estrus 4-8 weeks
3. changes in uterine wall make uterus more susceptible to bacterial infection - Signalment of pyometra
- Older dogs and cats over 6 years
- Symptoms of pyometra
-
1. fever
2. open - discharge
3. closed - no discharge
4. depression
5. PU/PD
6. dehydration
7. eukocytosis
8. tender abdomen - Dx for pyometra
-
1. CBC- high WBC
2. Chemistry to ck. liver & kidney fct.
3. Palpate with care
4. rads - Tx for pyometra
-
1. surgery
2. IV fluids
3. Anitbiotics
4. Prostaglandin therapy - Signalment for pyometra
- Mostly dogs, altho cats can get
- What is scientific name for "milk fever"
- eclampsia
- Occurance of eclampsia
-
1. lactating females become hypocalcemic w/in 7-10 days of lactating
2. All available Ca goes into the milk production - Symptoms of eclampsia
-
1. fever -ALWAYS
2. weakness
3. shaking
4. trembling
5. convulsions - What is the cause of mastitis
- trauma to mammary glands caused by retained milk or nursing
- Who gets mastitis?
-
Female cats, dogs & ferrets
NOT RABBITS - only nurse 1x/day - Symptoms of mastitis
-
1. inflammed
2. swollen
3. painful
4. may progress to systemic infection
5. refuse to feed off-srping - Dx of mastitis
-
1. Hx
2. PE
3. CBC - ck. for WBC or whole panel f fever or sceptic - TX for mastitis
-
1. Hot compresses
2. treat scepticemia
IV catheter, fluids, antibiotics
3. handraise off-spring
4. - What is the best defensse against mammary tumors?
-
1. Spay before estrus - 5% risk
2. Spay after estrus - 8% risk
3. Spay after 2 or more - 26% risk
4. After 2.5 years old - chances are the same - Signalment of mammary tumors
- 1. More common in dogs than cats
- Dx for mammary tumors
-
1. Hx
2. PE - hard nodule
3. needle aspiration
4. Chest rads to ck. metastisis (snow field in the lungs if it is there) - TX for mammary tumors
-
1. Surgery to debulk the tumor
2. biospy the opposite side
3.Chemo
4. - Post op care for mammary tumor surgery
-
1. hot compresses
2. pain management
3. wound care - Prognosis of mammary tumor
- May buy time but eventual euthanasia
- What causes Brucellosis & why is this dz important to know about
-
"Brucella canis"
Zoonotic potential dogs strain is NOT infectious to humans - Transmission of Brucellosis
-
1. Penetrates all mm
2. fomites
3. contamination via abortion or copulation - Incubation of brucellosis
-
1. Contamination
2. Macrophages attack organism
3. transport ot lymphatic system & genital tract for multiplication
4. 1-4 weeks bacteria develops - What is the number one way humans contract brucellosis
- Handling placenta
- Where does brucellosis localize itself & via what route
-
1. Intervertebral disc
2. eyes
3. kidneys
Via the Bloodstream - How long can the brucellosis last and why
- 6-64 months b/c bacteria can be dormant for a long time before sporulation
- Symptoms are brucellosis include
-
1. reproductive disorders
2. abortion
3. still birth
4. low sperm viability
5. inability to conceive
6. - Tx for brucellosis
-
1.Unsure
2. remove infecte4d animals from the breeding group
3. 2 antibiotics in combo - Prevention of brucellosis
-
1. santitatin
2. remove infected animals from breeding
3. NO VACCINE - What is the definitive tx for pyometra
- Ovario-hysterectomy
- Define proprioception
-
sensory nerve endings that control the psotion of the body or movement
"paw righting" - Who is seasonally polyestrus & what does this mean?
-
cats
having estrous cycles only during a part of the year - Name the common test for neurological responses
-
1. Mental status
2. locomotin
3. postural reflexes
4. Visual evaluation
5. spinal cord reflexes
- - What tests are included in the postural reflexes:
-
- wheelbarrowing
-hemi stand & hemi walk
- hopping
- proprioception
- extensor postural thrust
- righting reaction
- tonic - neck reaction - What tests are included in the visual portion of a neurological evaluation
-
- menace reaction
- follows movement
- obstacle test
-PLR - What is included in the spinal cord reflex protionof the neurological exam
-
1. Patellar reflex
2. flexor reflex
3. perineal reflex
4. defection & micturation - How do you check the muscle tone during a neurological evaluation
-
1. Passive manipulation of the limbs
2. Palpation of the muscle masses - What is tonometry used for
- To measure the tone of the globe of the eye of IOP
- What is the normal IOP
- 6-12 mm = 15-30mm of pressure`
- What does the Fluorescein Dye test detect?
- corneal ulcers by dying the underlying layers of superficial epithelial tissue that is damaged
- Where do you place opthalmic ointment in a cat
- lower palpebral border
- What is a dz which causes bulgy eyeballs
- retrobulbar abscesses - abscesses behind the globe of the eye
- Which breeds are predisposed to glaucoma?
-
1. spaniels
2. danes
3. basset hounds
4. miniature & toy poodles
5. some terriers - Uremia is usually a sign of what dz
- Chronic renal failure
- What are the symptoms of uremia
-
1. Inceased levels of BUN & creatine
2. V/D
3. anemia
4. sometime ulcerative stomatitis
Signs of Renal insufficiency - How to care for a paralysed animal
-
1. Passive ROM
2. Express bladder 4-5 x/day
3. Turnpatient to prevent bed sores
4. Pad well against recunital sores
5. Elevate patient on a rack so not laying in its fluids
6. Keep eye on stool
7. Ambulatory devises - Define dystocia
- difficult birth
- Causes for dystocia
-
1. uterine inertia
2.inadequate pelvis
3. oversized fetue
4. faulty pelvic presentation
5. abdominal complications - If you are presented with a cat that is severely blind what dz should you immediately suspect?
- Kidney dz
- What is the definitive tx for an aural hematoma?
- Quilting the ear flap after draining & removal of eliptical flap of skin in the pinna
- Define azotemia
- retension of renal excretory products
- What is mydriasis
- dilation fo the pupil
- Clinical signs of eclampsia are caused by
- hypocalcemia
- The most appropriate solution to use as an ear cleaner on an animal w/out anintact tympanum is
- physiologic saline
- What is the most critical factor to expedient healin of decubital sores
- exposure to air so stuff stays dry
- What is the average gestation of a dog?
- 63 days
- What causes milk fever?
- lowered calcium levels
- When does hypocalcemia occur in dogs
- Pek lactation
- Which breeds of dogs are most prone to hip dysplasia
- Retreivers
- What is excoriation
- self inflicted 2nd lesion
- What are the 2 infectious agents most often involved in O. externa in a dog
- yeast & bacteria
- Flushing the external ear canal is contraindicated if
- the tympanic membrane is ruptures
- What causes decubital sores?
- bedsores from exposure to urine
- What is the most commonly diagnosed condition in geriatric patients?
- arthritis & degenerative joint disease
- What test are useful in accessing fluid loss in a patient?
- PVC, PP, USG
- Why perform a ovariohysterectomy
-
1. prevent pyrometra
2. sterilization of the pet
3. prevention of estrus - What breed is animals ricks proptosis when held too tightly around the enck
- dislocation of the eye globe in brachycephalic cats & dogs
-
Which of the ff is not true of an aural hematoma?
1. must be drained
2. is repaired by trimming back the pinna
3. is painful & bothersome to the pet
4. May be drained & bandaged by wrapping the head with the ear folded back ac - 2. No pinna trimming
- Enucleation may be required to correct _____
- proptosis of the eye
- What chemical often causes neurological disorders in cats
- hexachlorophene
- Approximately what % of mammary tumors in dogs is malignant?
- 50%
- Dystocia can be defined as active straining w/out delivery for _______ minutes
- More than 60 minutes
- Why would you administer mannitol to a cat
- It shrinks vitreous humor in cases of acute glaucoma
- Eclampsia produces elevated body temeratures resulting from _____
- heat produced by muscle tremors
- what has the greatest capacity to reduce pain & muscle spasm?
- Dry heat
- Diabetes mellitus is common is which breeds
- keeshound, dobies, sheps, retrievers - usually older,obese females
- What is the normal response to estrogen?
- Inducing estrus
- Whatis the response to progesterone
- Maintenance of a pregnancy
- What are the glands found in the external ear canal called?
- ceruminous glands
- What is the tie in canine mating
- butt to butt
- What is a post-coital roll
- Female cat does after copulation which stimulates the sperm to move towards the egg