Chapter 14 Sec 2, 3, 4, 5 Flashcards
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- What is the religious revolutino which split the church in western Europe and created several new churches called?
- the Reformation
- How many independent states did Germany include?
- 365
- which building did Pope Leo X continue rebuilding?
- St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
- Which enthusiastic monk did Pope Leo X charge with rasing funds in northern Germany?
- Johann Tetzel
- Which person planned to be a lawyer and considered himself a terrible sinner?
- Martin Luther
- Where was Martin Luther born?
- Eisenleben in Saxony
- What did Luther cry out after almost being hit by lightning?
- "Help, dear Saint Anne, I will become a monk!"
- What did Luther's beliefs later become known as?
- Lutheranism
- What did Luther create to challenge Tetzel? Where did he post this?
- the 95 theses; on the church door at Wittenberg
- Which pope declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him?
- Pope Leo X
- Which special meeting of rulers of the empire did the Holy Emperor Charles V summon Luther to in order to put the excommunication into effect? Where was this meeting held?
- the Imperial Diet; Worms
- Who protected Luther after he was banished and considered an outlaw at the Diet of Worms?
- the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick the Wise
- What did Luther do while under the protection of Fredrick the Wise/
- translate the New Testament of the Bible into German from Hebrew and Greek
- What did the followers of Luther and all later reformers become called?
- Protestants
- Which church did Luther start?
- the Lutheran church
- What are the Lutheran clergy known as?
- ministers
- How many of the seven sacraments given to the priests of the Roman Catholic church did Luther allow his ministers? Which ones?
- two; baptism and communion
- Who sent armies against the Protestant princes in Germany?
- Charles V
- Which agreement reached a compromise between Charles V and the princes?
- the Peace of Augsburg
- What are the hundreds of new religious groups that did not form organized churches with clear-cut rules, authority, discipline, and membership called?
- sects
- Which sect believed that infants should not receive baptism because they don't understand the importance of the ceremony?
- the Anabaptists
- What title was given to Henry VIII for his good job defending the church against Luther's ideas?
- "Defender of the Faith
- What wife did Henry VIII want a divorce from, causing England's break with Rome? Why did he want a divorce?
- Catherine of Aragon; she didn't produce a male heir
- What was the name of the daughter that Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon had?
- Mary
- Who did Henry VIII fall in love with that caused him to want to leave Catherine of Aragon/
- Anne Boleyn
- Who was Catherine of Aragon's nephew?
- the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
- Which pope refused to except Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
- Pope clement VII
- Which church did Henry VIII create?
- the Church of England aka the Anglican church
- Which son did Henry VIII finally have as a heir?
- Edward VI
- Who was the vicar at the cathedral in Zurich who was greatly influenced by Erasmus and agreed with Luthern on almost everything?
- Huldrych Zwingli
- Which French Protestant carried on the work of the Reformation in Switzerland?
- John Calvin
- What did Calvin write that laid down exactly what the faithful ought to believe on every major question of religion?
- the Institutes of the Christian Religion
- What were Calvin's followers known as?
- Calvinists
- What was the belief introduced by Calvin that stated that God had decided, at the beginning of time, who would be saved and who would be damned called?
- predestination
- What were those who were predestined for salvation called?
- "the elect"
- Which city adopted Calvinism as their official religion?
- Geneva
- What is the term for a government ruled by a clergy claiming God's authority, such as the one in Geneva?
- a theocracy
- What were the Calvinists in France known as?
- Huguenots
- Which decree issued by King Henry IV gave the Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights?
- the Edict of Nantes
- Which form of Calvinism played a vital role in England and in the English colonies of north America?
- Puritanism
- What is the major reform effort by the Catholic Church called?
- the Counter-Reformation
- Which pope led the Counter-Reformation?
- Pope Paul III
- What did Pope Paul IV establish that forbade Catholics from reading certain books?
- The Index of Prohibited Books
- Which council abandoned the Index of Prohibited Books in 1966?
- the Second Vatican Council
- At which city did a council of church leaders meet to define official church doctrine? What was this council called?
- the Italian city of Trent; the Council of Trent
- What did the Council of Trent do in favor of the reformers?
- ban the sale of indulgences and tighten discipline for the clergy
- Which Spanish soldier who walked with a limp founded a new religious order? What was this new religious order called?
- Ignatius of Loyola; the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits
- Which book written by Loyola describes his visino that answered his quesion about salvation?
- Spiritual Exercises
- What were the Jesuits like?
- they had military discipline and were opposed to killing heretics
- If lightening struck a house, butter wouldn't form, a pitcher of milk spilled, or a woman couldn't have a baby, who was blamed?
- a demon
- Which people, other than priests, were depended on for comfort in times of trouble?
- so-called "wise" or "cunning" men or women
- What were wise people often called?
- "good witches"
- How long did the enormous outburst of witch hunting in Europe last?
- 100 years
- What was the ceremony in which two young men marched along impersonating a wife who beats a husband or a husband with a young wife called?
- "rough music", "charivari", "abbeys of misrule"
- Which people often led the burning of people's homes in protest?
- the women
- What is the term for single printed sheets that were used to spread information?
- broadsides
- Which books were arranged like a calander and made predictions about the weather, prospects for growing crops, traditional superstitions, and advice about daily living? What modern books are these books the ancestors of?
- almanacs; The Farmer's Almanac
- What is the term for the measure of the quality of life of a people or country?
- the standard of living
- How many people lived in Europe after the tremendous population growth following the Black Death?
- 78 million people
- What is the term for a rise in prices for goods?
- inflation
- What is the development in which people stopped believing in magic and started looking for explanatinos od day-to-day events called?
- the "disenchantment"
- What are the early scientists who used spells and magic formulas to try to change one substance into another- for example, lead into gold- called?
- alchemists
- What is the new way of pursuing knowledge that no longer relied on magic called? What does this word mean?
- science; knowledge
- What is the transformation in thinking from magic to science called?
- the Scientific Revolution
- What is the method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments called?
- the scientific method
- Which scientist introduced the theory that the earth was the center of the universe and that the other planets and the sun move around it/
- Ptolemy
- Which theory stated that everything revolved around the earth?
- the geocentric theory
- Which theory states that everything revolves around the sun?
- the heliocentric theory
- Which Polish scientist was conviced that the heliocentic theory best explained all the known facts of astronomy of his time?
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- In which book did Copernicus describe his conclusions on the heliocentric theory?
- On The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
- Which brilliant mathematician used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus?
- Johannes Kepler
- How many times did Kepler calculate his problem before he discovered the error?
- 70
- What was the error in Kepler's original heliocentric proof?
- he stated that the orbits of other planets were perfect circles, although they really are ovals called ellipses
- What did Galileo supposed do before anyone else?
- use a telescope
- What discovery of Galileo helped disprove the geocentric theory?
- the discovery that the moons of Jupiter revolve around the planet, showing that not every heavenly body revolves around the earth
- In which book did Galileo publish his findings?
- the Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World
- Did Galileo agree to the order of the Inquisition for him to renounce his belief that the earth moves around the sun?
- yes
- What did Galileo supposedly say as he left the Inquisition?
- "Yes it does move."
- What other discovery in the subject of physics did Galileo make?
- the discovery that heavier objects and lighter objects fall at the same speed, considering there's no air resistance
- Which Flemish scientist studied anatomy and refused to accept the descriptions of human muscles and tissues written by Galen?
- Andreas Vesalius
- Which landmark work in the history of medicine did Vesalius publish?
- On the Fabric of the Human Body
- Which English physician described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries, the working of the heart, and the functino of blood vessels?
- William Harvey
- What group did Galileo belong to?
- the Accademia dei Lincei
- To whom did King Charles II grant a charter to?
- the Royal Society in London
- What did Louis XIV establish?
- the French Academy of Sciences
- Which French philosopher and scientist decided to become a soldier to see the world around him?
- Rene Descartes
- Which book did Descartes write which argued that everything had to be proven?
- the Discourse on Method
- What was Descartes' first basic truth?
- "I think, therefore I am."
- Which English philosopher was Descartes' contemporary?
- Francis Bacon
- What did Bacon believe/
- That science would help humanity conquer nature and end all suffering
- Which French philosopher and scientist opposed Bacon's ideas because they ignored the power of faith and the need to rely on God?
- Blaise Pascal
- Which English mathematician and philosopher was considered the supreme example ofthe new reasoning and powers of science?
- Isaac Newton
- What book did Newton publish?
- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
- What did Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy do?
- combine and relate the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
- What did the English poet Alexander Pope say to describe Newton's impact?
- "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, 'Let Newton be,' and all was light."
- which German philosopher and mathematician worked with Newton to develop a branch of mathematics that studies continuously changing quantaties? What is this branch called?
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; calculus
- Which Dutch scientist used a microscope to discover bacteria?
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Which English scientist was the first person to identify cells in living matter?
- Robert Hooke
- What did Hooke examine and find? What did he call what he found and why?
- cork, small rectangular rooms; cells, because they looked like the cells in which bees store honey
- Which English scientist is known as the founder of modern chemistry?
- Robert Boyle
- Which English chemist discovered the element later called oxygen?
- Joseph Priestley
- Which French scientist named oxygen and showed that fire was not an elemtn, but the result of the rapid combinatino of oxygen?
- Antoine Lavoisier
- What else did Lavoisier prove?
- that matter is indestructible
- What is Lavoisier's discovery known as?
- the law of conservation of matter
- What did many europeans speak of their changing times as?
- an "Age of Enlightenment"