CHEM TEST 11/3 ch. 5, 13, 28
Terms
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- what are the chemical properties of an atom related to?
- the number of its valence electrons
- how can you tell if an atom is in an excited state
- electrons skip over energy levels
- what is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?
- 2
- usually the term "kernel" includes all parts of the atom except
- valence electrons
- what subatomic particles are found in the nucleus
- protons and neutrons
- what is the mass of a proton
- 1 AMU
- what is the mass of a neutron
- 1 AMU
- what is the mass of an electron
- 0 AMU (1/1836 the mass of a proton)
- definition of AMU
- 1/12 the mass of isotope carbon-12 (C-12)
- mass of an alpha particle
- 4 AMU
- charge of an alpha particle
- 1+
- penetrating power of an alpha particle
- low
- mass of a beta particle
- 1/1836 AMU
- charge of beta particle
- 1-
- penetrating power of beta particle
- moderate
- mass of gamma particle
- no mass
- charge of gamma particle
- no charge
- penetrating power of gamma particle
- high
- what part of the atom undergoes change during radioactive decay
- the nucleus
- how does a nucleus lose energy during radioactive decay
- emits radiation
- radioactivity
- the process by which materials give off rays when they have an unstable nucleus
- radioactive decay
- the pprocess by which an unstable nucelus loses energy by emitting radiation
- how wavelength affects energy
- the shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy
- what happens when electrons falll back down to their ground state from their excited state
- they give off energy
- what happens when electrons go from ground state to ecited state
- absorb energy
- when two elements react exothermically to form a compound should the compoud be stable or not?
- stable
- why would two elements, when forming a compound, be stable?
- bc the release of energy from a reaction indicates that the compound is formed at a low energy level and thus is relatively stable
- what kind of light is given off when electrons go down to the lowest energy level from their excited state and what is it called?
- UV-Lyman series
- what kind of light is given off when electrons go down to the 2nd lowest energy level from their excited state and what is it called
- visible light--Balmer series
- what kind of light is given off when electrons go down to the 3rd lowest energy level from their excited state and what is it called
- infrared--Paschen series
- what do the periods (1-7) tell about an atom of an element
- telll the # of valence electrons
- whhich elements have 3d and 4s overlaps
- transition elements
- to what sublevel do groups 1 and 2 on the periodic table fill?
- s
- to what sublevel do groups 13-18 (6 elements across) fill?
- p
- to what sublevel do groups 3-12 (10 elements across) fill?
- D
- orbital
- where you can expect to find an electron 90% of the time
- principle energy levels
- 1-7
- sublevels
- s, p, d, f
- how many orbitals do each sublevel contain?
-
s- 1 orbital
p- 3 orbitals
d- 5 orbitals
f- 7 orbitals - what is an s sublevel shaped like
- a circle
- what is a p sublevel shaped like
- a figure 8
- how many electrons can the s sublevel hold
- 2
- how many electrons can the p sublevel hold
- 6
- how many electrons can the d sublevel hold
- 10
- how many electrons can the f sublevel hold
- 14
- where is the overlap in the sublevels
- 4s comes before 3d
- what can the shapesof an orbital look like
- a circle or a square
- hunds rule
- orbitals get filled partly before they can double up (P orbitals x, y, z)
- in which energy level is there the most potential energy and the least stability
- 7
- what is the nucleus of an atom like?
- dense and positively charged
- stability and activity of electrons in relation to the nucleus
- the closer to the nuclear electrons are, the more stable they are and the less active they are
- formula for how many electrons an energy level can hold
- 2nsqaured (n=energy level number)
- as electrons move up in levels what happens to energy
- energy is absorbed
- when electrons move down in levels what happens to energy
- energy is emitted
- why do electrons emit light in different wavelengths as they move back down to lower energy levels
- because they have different electron configurations
- bright line spectrum
- quantitative analysis of light released as electrons return to ground sate
- what does the lewis dot configuration show
- the number of valence electrons
- what element is used for archaeological discoveries?
- carbon-14
- what reaction releases the greatest amount of energy
- fusion
- what are the nucleus' like of radioactive elements
- unstable
- what does a particle accelerator have no effect on?
- the velocy of a neutron
- why doesnt a particle accelerator have an effect on a neutron?
- bc it can only have an effect on charge particles
- what is the primary result of a fission reaction
- conversation of mass to energy
- the stability of an isotope is based on what ratio
- neutrons and protons
- what fissionable isotope is produced from uranium-238 in a breeder reactor?
- plutonium-239
- how do you know what elements naturally decay
- elements with # 83 or above naturally decay
- what elements are naturally radioactive
- anything 83 or above
- Po stands for
- lead
- in nuclear reactions, what is mass converted to
- energy
- what does a fusion reaction look like
- two things combined to make one thing
- what affects the half-life of an element
- NOTHING
- why can radiated food be stored for a long time
- bc radiation kills bacteria
- when is a radioisotope called a tracer
- when it is used to determine the way in which a chemical reaction occurs
- what are the elements in group 1 called
- alkaline metals (basic metals)
- what are the elements in group 2 called
- alkaline earth metals
- which elements are metalloidss
- right side of the staircase plus the two in the middle on the left side
- which elements are non metals
- all elements to the right of the metalloids
- which elements are noble gases
- group 8 (18)
- which groups are transition elementd
- groups 3-12
- which groups are metals
- all except non metals
- what did dalton say about the atom
- it was solid and indestructable
- what was dalton wrong about
- the atom is not indestructable
- what did thompson realize
- that electrons had a negative charge--plum pudding model
- what did rutherford realize
- that atoms have positively charged central nucelus but are mostly empty space
- what experiment did rrutherford do?
- gold foil
- how do isotopes get unstable
- they have too many neutrons
- quantum
- packet of energy required to boost an electron to a higher energy (quantum) level
- niels bohr said..
- electrons were found in definite orbits around the nucleus
- what niels bohr right?
- noelectrons are in an elecctron cloud
- what did niels bohr say that WAS right
- about the quantum
- half life
- the amount of time for half of a substance to decay
- when your going forward in time with halflife what dou u do
- divide by 2
- when your going backward in time with halflife what do u do
- multiply by 2
- what do all radiactive things end up as?
- stable, nonradioactive lead (Pb)
- what is U-238
- spent fuel
- what does the top number of an isotope tell you
- the number of neutrons
- what does the bottom number of an isotope tell you
- atomic number of the element
- what is isotope h-1 called
- protium
- what is isotope h-2 called
- deuterium
- what is isotope h-3 called
- tritium
- what is less stable, something apart (H2 and O2) or something together (H2O)
- something apart
- Heisenbergs uncertaity prinicipal
- it is impossible to know both the speed and location of an electron at any time
- what are nuclides
- isotopes
- nuclear fission
- when the nucleus splits into smaller fragments by slow moving nuetrons hitting it
- nuclear fusion
- when the nuclei combine to produce a greater mass
- what fusion looks like
- A+b=AB
- example of fusion
-
2H + 2H + 4 HE + energy
1 1 2 - binding energy
- the amount of energy released when a nucleus is formed from its component particles
- example of fissionable material
- fuel (uranium)
- critical mass
- the amount of fuel to enable the chain reaction to continue-
- what happens throughout a chain reaction
- energy is released
- examples of nuclear shit
- china syndrome, 3 mile island, chemobyl, indian point, shoreham
- what do valence electrons determine
- how an atom reacts
- what does the group number of an element tell u
- the # of valence electrons
- quanta
- energy that is released or absorbed when electrons move up and down the energy levels
- 5 of daltons basic ideas
-
1. all matter is made up of small particlses called atoms
2. all atoms of an element are alike in weight, and different from the weight of atoms of other elements
3. atoms cant be subdivided, created, or detroyed (wrong)
4. atoms combine to form compuds
5. in chemical reactions, atom - who measured the charge on an electron using an apparatus
- robert milikan
- nucleons
- protons and neutrons--inside the nucleus
- henry moselely
- first determined the atomic numbers of the elements through the use of x yrays
- average atomic mass
- weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occuring isotopes of an element
- what element has the most isotopes
- tin
- how to calculate the average atomic mass
- multiply the atmoic masss of each isotope by its relative abundance (in decimal form) and then add the results
- metals and electrons
- tend to lend electrons
- nonmetals and electrons
- tend to borrow electrons
- noble gases and electrons
- tend to borrow nor lend electrons and have a complete outer energy level
- wolfgang pauli
- said the electrons spin in the orbital
- mendeleyev
- proposed periodic table
- transmutation
- conversation of an element to a new element because of a change in protons
- 4 parts of a nuclear reactor
-
1. fissionable material
2. moderator
3. control rods
4. concrete encasement - fissionable material
- sustains thechain reaction
- moderator
- slows down fission neutrons
- control rods
-
cadmium or boron
absorv excess neutrons and control rate of reaction - concrete encasement
- provides shielding from radiation
- in a hydrogen bomb, what is hydrogen converted into?
- helium
- summary of daltons model (regnets)--5
-
1. each element is composed of indivisible particles called atoms
2. atoms of one element are the same, all different for different elements
3. atoms are not created, destroyed, or changd
4. compounds form from atoms
5. compounds always have the same relative number of atoms - how did jj thomson find out the electrons charge
- cathode ray tube
- who discovered the elementary charge of an atom?
- rovert millikan
- plum pudding model
- atom was a positively charged jelly like mass with negative electrons scatered through it
- wat are spectural lines a result of
- electrons falling from higher energy levels to lower ones
- what is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the f sublevel
- 14
- what quantum number governs the orientation of an orbital in space?
- ml
- what quantum number governs the spin state of an electron
- ms
- what is osotope iodine 131 used for
- uncoverng tyroid disorders and, with cobalt-60, treating certain cancers
- what iswhy are some isiopes espcially good for medical treatment
- they have short haklf lives which is necessay to ensure rapid decay and elimination of te radioisotope from the body
- particle accelerator
- a devicce that uses electric and magnetic fields to provide a charged bombarding nuclear particle with sufficient energy to induce a desired nuclear reaction
- examples of particle accelerators
- Van de Graaff accelerator, linear accelerator, the cyclotron, the sunchrotron, and the LEP collider
- first artificial transmutation by rutherford using alpha particles
-
14N + 4He--->17O + 1H
7 2 8 1 - 2 more aritificail tramsmutations
-
a)
9BE + 4 He ---? 1n + 12C
4 2 1 6
b)
27Al + 4He ---> 1n + 30P
13 2 1 15 - what is the most common isotope of uranium
- uranium-238
- what goes with breed reactors
- plutonium-239
- an isotope of which element may be used as a fuel in a fission reaction?
- Pu
- the atoms of some elements can be made radioactive by
- bombarding them with high-energy particles
- what is a gaseous radioactive waste produced during some fission reactions
- nitrogen-16
- in a fusion reaction, what is a major problem in cuasing the nuclei to fuse into asingle nucleus?
- repulsions of the nuclei