Bio Transportation Chapter
Terms
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- what happens to nutrients after digestion is completely?
- they go into the blood stream and are transported to the cells of the body. in the cells, nutrients are chemically combined with oxygen and energy is released
- transport
- the process of absrption and circulation of materials throughout the body
- absorption
- involves the passage of materials into and out of the blood stream
- examples of absorption
- oxygen diffusing into blood capillaries of the lungs, food entering blood in villi, and carbon dioxide diffusing into the blood capillaries of body tissues
- circulation
- the distribuation of mmaterials to all parts of the body
- circulatory/transport system
- made up of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and lymph vessels
- William Harvey
- discovered the circulation of blood--concluded that blood flowed in a circle throughout the body and was used over and over again
- how does blood move through the boddy
- in a continuous pathway of blood vesels
- what are the two basic pathways of circulation
- pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- pulmonary circulation
- involves blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide and water vapor
- how does the blood return to the heart from the lungs
- the veins
- systemic circulation
- blood flows from the left ventricle to all body parts and then returns to the heart--provides the body cells with needed substances and carries away cellular excretions
- heart
- a muscular, four-chambered organ that pumps blood through blood cessels adjusting the rate of flower and pressure to changing body requirements
- atria
- two upper chambers of the heart--receive blood reutrning in the veins from the lungs and other boddy tissues and pump it into the ventricles
- ventricles
- lower chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries
- arteries
- blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. they are muscular and help to pump blood through the body
- vlves
- separate the chambers of the heart and regulate the direction of blood flow in and out of the heart--prevent the blood from flowing backwards
- pericardium
- thick, tough sac that covers the heart
- blood vessels
- tubes that ransport blood to and away from body parts
- 3 major types of blood vessels
- arteries, capillaries, and veins
- pulse
- when artial walls expand and snap back to their normal size to help pump blood through the body
- coronary arteries
- arteries located in the heart
- aorta
- largest artery in the body that carries blood that is high in oxygen.
- arterioles
- arteries branch and become smaller and smaller in diameter until they become tiny vessels called arterioles
- blood pressure
- pressure that the blood in the arteries is under from the pumping action of the heart
- capillaries
- the smallest blood vessels. connect arteries to veins.
- capillary walls
- through which the exchange of oxygen and carvon dioxide, between the blood and the body parts, takes place by diffusion, as well as plasma filtered out at the capillaries which becomes tissue fluid
- veins
- blood vessels that transport blood under low pressure from the capillaries back to the heart--have valves that prevent backflow of blood and thin muscular walls
- vena cava
- two large veins that return blood to the heart
- BLOOD
- the liquid medium that transports materials throughout the ody within the blood vessels
- what makes up blood
- plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- plasma
- straw colored, non living part of blood that is 90% water. transports blood cells, end products of digestion, hormones, ceulluar exretions, and antibodies throughout the body. also helps to regulate temperature
- red blood cells composition/look
- shaped like round plates that are indented in the center-----mature red blood cells have no nucleus--are red because it has iron rich pigment hemoglobin
- where are red blood cells produced
- produced in special tissue called bone marrow located inside certain long bones
- what does hemoglobin do?
- -hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen from the lungers to the body cells--also transports carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- ifu took in carbon monoxide, your hemoglbin would permanetely combine w/ the molecules and would not be able to xombine with oxygen---your cells cannot get oxygen for respiration and u sufocate and die
- platelets
- small--no nucleus--live only 2 to 4 days--very numerous---involved in the clotting of blood
- what do white blood cells do
- fight infections and are part of the body's immune system.
- describe white blood cells
- irregular in shape and have no color--have a nnucleus and are bigger than red blood cells
- where are white blood cells produced
- in bone marrow an in tussue called lymph tissue
- when are there more white blood cells than red blood cells?
- only when they are fighting infection, when they increase in number
- phahocytes
- white blood cells that aid in fighting disease by engulfing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign organisms
- lymphocytes
- white blod cells that produce proteins known as antibodies
- antibodies
- are produced by lymphocytes when antigens enter the body to help fight the antigeng
- antigens and ex.
-
foreign particles
ex. bacteria and foreign tissues - lymph
- comes from the portion of the blood plasma that diffuses out of the capillaries--surrounds the body cells as intercellular fluid
- intercellular fluid/tissue fluid
- helps transport dissolved materials between capillaries and cells
- lymph vessels
- where excess intercellular fluid enters and is cirulated through these vessels as lymph-transport the lymph to beins where is enters the blood and becomes part of the plasma again
- lymph nodes
- structures of the lymph system in the armits, neck, and groin that filter out bacteria and viruses form lymph
- how does lymph tissue help proect the bodyy against infection?
- produces a type of white blood cells that helps teh body fight disease--lymph nodes become enlarged when you have an infection
- how is lymph circulated in lymph vessels??
- by contractions of body muscles
- pathogens
- disease-causing organisms
- immunity
- the ability of the body to resist certain disease-causing organisms
- name 4 defenses of the body to resist diseasse
-
1_ presense of barriers such as skin, nose hairs, and mucus coated linings in the digestive and respiratory tracts
2) hydrochloric acid in the stomach
3) ability of white blood cells to englulf bacteria
4) production of antibodies to fight foerign substances that enter the body - how are antibodies carried
- by bood
- immune reactions
- occur between antibodies and antigens when the body defends itself against invading organisms.
- active immunity
- occurs when the body makes it own antibodies to a particular antigen from either having the disease or form a vaccination
- vaccination
- consists of an injection of a dead or weakened form of a disease-cuasing microorganism, which can non longer cause the disease, but can still stimulate antibody production by white blood cells
- passive immunity
- a temporary immunity to a disease produced by the injection of antibodies into the cody. --last for a short time
- how do you type blood in the ABO blood group system?
- based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of thr red blood cells and if the blood plasma contains anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies
- high blood pressure
-
when blood pressure in the arteries increases
-caused by sress, diet, heredity, cigarette smoking, and aging
-damages lining of arteries and weakens heart muscle - coronary thrombosis
- type of heart attack caused by a blockage in one of the arteries that carries blood to the heart muscle. stop flow of blood to some of the heart muscle
- Leukemia
- a form of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many while blood cells. the large numbers of white cells crowd out developing red blood cells and platelets
- anemia
- occurs when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin or red blood cells. the body cells do not receive enough oxygen, which results in low levels of energy. can be treated by eating iron-rich foods or taking pills containing iron
- AIDS
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome-caused by HIV--destroys body's immune system, making it unable to fight even small infections