Exam 2 Law Enforcement and Police Roles
Terms
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copy deck
- Police Discretion Examples
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1. offense seriousness
2. attitude of the suspect 3. postion and preference of the victim
4. relationship btw suspect and victim
5. evidence of the offense
6. race and gender
7. officer's support for law violated
8. presence of supervisory roles - Trait of Police personality, subculture
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1. transforming effect
2. authoritarian personality
3. suspiciousness
4. conservatice
5. emphasis on loyalty
6. secretive about law enf.
7. courage
8. assertiveness
9. cynical
10. concern with danger and self-protection - Categories of Police Stress
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1. intrainvdividual
2. interpersonal
3. organizational
4. environmental - 3 communties that pose challenges to police
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1. people who love police
2. people who hate police, the hate stare
3. people on the fence - neg consequences of police stress
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-get sick
-general health decreaes with higher age beyond normal
-unusually high suicide rate
-spill over into family
-divorce
-doubly deviant
-PTSD
-alcohol/substance abuse
-escape painful memories - major issues: police racism, profiling
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-race impt factor in decision to arrest
-AA suspects more likely to be stopped and arrested than w. but they are also more likeyly to be subjected to force
-poor police-minority relations
-miscommunication
-if community owuld not be in favor of the arrest
-victimless crimes, less enforcement
-AA stricter w/ AA
-degree of tolerance of an officer - warrant exceptions
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1. consent searches
2. hot pursuit
3. plain view
4. inventory
5. K-9 alert
6. abandonment of property
7. open fields
8. protective sweep
9. border searches
10. administrative
11. public domain - searches of person w/o warrant
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-Terry v. Ohio
- PLain Feel Doctrine
- Consent search
- DUI
-searches during booking, jailing
- inmate
- reasonable suspicion criminal acitvity is afoot - searches of auto w/o warrant
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car is mobile, lead to evidence destruction
-prob cause stop car, no fishing
-crime about to, or has been, committed
- no authority to routinely stop cars
-consent search persuant to routine stop
-Carrol Doctrine
-unlocked containers
-lunge area
-sobriety check pts
-u-turns - KC Response Time Study
- study showing that citizens take longer to report crimes to police than it takes police to respond
- solvability factors
- anything that can potentially affect the probability of successfully concluding the case, witnesses, physical evidence
- crime scene
- areas in which the crime actually took placed and/or evidence relating to the crime is found
- discovery crimes
- crimes that are discovered and/or reported long after the offense took place and the offender is gone, ex burglary
- involvement crimes
- crimes in which the police respond to the scene and the offender is still present and/or the crime remains in progress
- clearance rate
- the ratio of solved to reported crimes in a particular jurisdiction
- preliminary investigation
- duties performed by first uniformed officer on arrival at a crime scene, which includes determinding whether the offender is at the scene or in the area, responding to the civtim's needs, and ensuring the general safety of anyone in the immediate vicinity
- contaminants
- any elemt that can alter the quality of nature of evidence at a crime scene and thus impede the processes of association and reconstruction
- reconstruction
- when the police try to determine exactly what happened and by whom in a crime
- primary scene
- the site of the original crime
- secondary scene
- the subsequent scene of a crim after the primary crime scene
- Locard exchange principle
- states that it is impossible for anyone to enter a location without changing it in some way, either by bringing something to it or removing something from it, which is why offenders can be linked to a crime scene
- chain of evidence
- tbecareful documentation of the hanging of evidence involved in an investigation from the point of the preliminary investigation all the wya through to its ultimate presentation at trial
- VICAP- Violent Criminal Apprehension Program
- created by the FBI to help identify national homicide patterns. VICAP is a comprehensive database of solved and unsolved violent crimes that include significatnt details related to the crime scen, victim characterisitcs, and offender characteristics
- circle of investigation
- the pool of possible suspects in an inverstigation
- nonsocial offender
- an organized offender who is likely to meet hte classification of a psychopath
- asocial offender
- often referred to as a shcizoid or withdrawn personality type... commit spontaneous acts with little attention paid to physical evidence left behind
- Iron law of Oligarchy
- suggests that the formal organization of bureaucracies inevitably leads to oligarchy, in wich a small group of self-serving indiviudals seek to maintain their position of power
- zero tolerance policing
- when police officers are required to stop anyone they see committing such offenses and have little of no discretion as to whether or not to arrest
- contempt of cop
- the term often used withing the police culture to refer to the mistrust, attitude, and even hatred expressed by the community residents they are sworn to protect
- thin blue line
- the belief that only the police hold off the dangers of chaos and disvoer in socieyt, and thus are themselves often taunted by their mission in society
- eustress
- stress that is normal and good, even providing on the job motivation
- dis-stress
- stress that is outside of the normal range and very harmful over time
- internal stressors
- factors within a department that can be a source of difficulty
- police-minority tension
- poor relationships between the police and the community, often resulting from a highly publicized case of police corruption or brutality in a partticular neighborhood
- racism
- bias against racial minorities, resulting in their being treated more harshly than whites
- external stressors
- problems or factors outside of the pd that can cause stress of dis-equilibrium for police management
- fundamental atriubtion errors
- the tendency of some individuals to explain criminal behavior in terms of internal factors such as race or membership in a particular ethnic group, rather then by reference to external or situational factors, such as poverty
- Wilsons' styles of policing
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1. watchman style
2. legalistic style
3. service style - watchman style
- the approach places great emphasis on order maintenance and individual officer discretion
- legalistic style
- emphasizes the improtance of law enforcement and maintaining clear and impartial legal standards for both the police and public alike
- service style
- where the police are primarily servants of the sommunity, with particular emphasis placed on maintaining good police-public relations and on the use of informal policing methods aimed at keeping offenders out of the cj system