Psychology Test Chapters 4, 5, and 6
Terms
undefined, object
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- Which reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
- Partial Reinforcement
- Which Schedule is based on a specified number of desired responses
- Ratio Schedule
- What Partial Reinforcement Schedule is Based on Time?
- Interval Schedules
- If a rat receives reinforcement once every 10th bar press it is on a
- Fixed ratio Schedule
- Which intervals produce a scalloped pattern on the graph of cumulative responses?
- Fixed Interval Schedules
- If you took a study break after approximately an hour of studying, but sometimes after 45 minutes, sometimes after an hour and 15 minutes, sometimes after half an hour, sometimes after an hour and a half, the average would be every hour, and so you would
- Variable Interval Schedule
- If a rat receives a pellet once every 10 min. then it is on a?
- Fixed Interval Schedule
- What is often called the “gambling reinforcement schedule?
- Variable Ratio Schedule
- What Method decreases the chance that a behavior will occur?
- Punishment
- What Increases the Chances of a behavior occurring?
- Positive and negative reinforcement
- Which law say marks that are near one another tend to be grouped together
- Gestalt Law of Proximity
- What law do we group things that fall along a smooth curve or a straight line together
- Law of Continuity
- In which laws do we tend to close gaps ?
- Law of Closure
- Law that says that a single shape is grouped together?
- Good form
- What is it called when the items you see look the same even though the sensory images striking the eyes may change?
- Perceptual constancy
- When you see an object as the same size even when it is at different distances, so that its image has different sizes
- Size Constancy
- Colors remain the same even when the light changes?
- Color constancy
- When an objects shape looks the same from different angles?
- Shape Constancy
- What do you call the difference between the images on 2 eyes?
- Retinal Disparity
- Texture gradient is what type of cue?
- Monocular cue
- What is the name of the senses that perceive the body and its position in space (kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense, tuch, temperature sensitivity etc. called?
- Somasthetic Senses
- what is a sense of balance?
- Vestibular Sense
- Awareness of where the limbs are and how they move
- Kinesthetic Sense
- Which two specializes cells have kinesthetic sense?
-
Tendons (the material that connects muscles to bones)
Muscles - The inner ear is used for hearing and?
- balance
- What’s your body’s largest organ?
- the skin
- Inability to feel pain is worse then the inability to ?
- Smell Odors
- What is the name for The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
- Frequency
- contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
- Inner ear
- ___ refers to the height of the peaks in a light wave.
- Amplitude
- Your ___ is (are) a sheet of tissue at the back of your eye.
- Retina
- ___ refers to how deep a color appears.
- Saturation
- ___ allows you to pick out a particular characteristic, object, or event.
- Selective Attention
- Theory that different colors can inhibit perception of other colors
- Opponent Process Theory
- Variations in frequency are called?
- Pitch
- Variations in amplitude are called?
- Loudness
- 2 chemical senses that detect teh presence of particlar molecules
- Smell and Taste
- Influences emotional reactions and sexual behavior
- Pheromones
- Shorter waves correspond to?
- Higher Frequencies
- What part of the eye gives us the sharpest images?
- Fovea
- There are No Rods and Cones present in this part of your eye
- Blind Spot
- What chemical responds to light
- Rhodospin
- In which law do we tend to group marks that look alike together XXXxxx as 2 groups
- Law of Similarity
- What creates the illusion of distance
- Monocular/static cues
- Sometimes triggers additional sensory experiences and comprehension like dominoes
- Bottom-up processing
-
This part of processing is guided by knowledge/expectation and belef
(you seee what you you want and not what is out there) - Top-down processing
- Where are different frequencies of sound coded into varying nerve impulses?
- Basilar Membrane
- What is the theory that says we sleep to restore body and mind
- Recuperation THeory
- What Theory says that sleep was formed to protect us and conserve energy
- Evolutionary THeory
- Sleep is a ___ cycle
- 90 min.
- What happens when there is a peak of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- THinking and Memory Peak as well
- What do we call the content that we remember?
- Manifest COntent
- What do we call the symbolic content with unconscious desires?
- Latent Content
- difficulty falling alseep
- Insomnia
- Dreams strengthen memory
- Memory Hypothesis
- Name of Stage 1 (lasts 5 minutes) transition from wakefullness to sleep
- Hypnogogic Sleep
- Makes Neurons that are usually inhibited likely to fire/ occurs as a result of depressant use
- Disinhibition
- Barbiturates, alcohol, and antianxiety drugs are all types of
- Depressants
- Tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to similar drugs
- Cross Tolerance
- Date rape drug
- Rohypnol
- Slows down the central nervous systelm and decreases activity and awareness
- Depressant
- Ecstasy, Ritalin, Epinephrine, Nicotine and caffeine are?
- Amphetamines
- Which drug affects the body's ability to thermoregulate?
- Ecstasy
- What causes sound waves into the auditory canal?
- the Pina
- The awarenss of our own existence, thoughts and feelings
- Consciousness
- what are the 5 stages of consciousness?
- Hypnosis, dreaming, sleep, meditation, and drugs/alcohol
-
Most likely to induce dependence also increases attention and awareness?
side effcts include: decreased appetite increased arousal/energy increaser motor activity - Stimulants
- Coke is a type of?
- Stimulant
-
What is faster acting and more intense then cocaine?
-Cross BBB
-More addictive then Coke - Crack Cocaine
- Evolutionary, Restorative THeory, and the idea that sleep facilitates learning are?
- 3 general theories that have been proposed to explain function of sleep
- WHat is a hormone that helps promote sleep?
- Melatonin
- 2 characteristics of chronic substance abuse?
- Tolerance & Withdrawal
- A CNS depressant that acts as an analgesic and produces a sense of euphoria and relaxation?
-
Narcotics
Ex: heroin - Chronic use of ___ can suppress the body's production of endorphins
- Narcotics
- ___ occus when repeated exposure decreases responsiveness
- Habituation
- ____ occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus increases responsiveness
- sensitization
- Rods are everwhere except for the ?
- Fovea
- the ____ theory of color vision says that the eye contains 3 kinds of color sensors
- Trichomatic Theory
- BRain Responds to a ____ of colors, not individual cones
- Mixture
- JND is a kind of?
- Threshold
- What do you call a physical event that is strong enough to be noticed?
- Threshold
- What is the smallest amount of a stimulus needed to notice that the stimulant is present at all ?
- Absolute Threshold
- What law says the greater the magnitude the greater the extra amount must be noticed
- Weber's LAw
- 2 key concepts that explain how signals are detected or missed?
- sensitivity and bias
- How do we distinguish signal from noise
- signal detection theory
- how your brain take in light so you can see?
- Transduction
- What causes rods and cones to fire?
- Light
- Skin receptors send messages to ?
- Somatosensory Cortex
- LImbic system deals with ?
- Emotion and Memory
- Attention affects?
- Sensory and perception
- What sends messages to brain?
- Auditory Nerve
- What is it called when 1 object partially covers another but our brain sees it as 1 on top of the other?
- Occlusion cue