Semester 1 Test Qs World History I
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- commonly used technique to determine the age of organic matter
- radiocarbon dating
- Neanderthals were early members of the speices called
- Homo sapiens
- The family of 2-legged primates, including humans and pre-humans
- hominids
- Homo erectus were people who moved constantly in search of food called
- nomads
- The exchange of ideas when groups of people come in contact
- cultural diffusion
- Early river valley civilizations developed
- at different times and different parts of the world
- Animal were domesticated 1st
- during the Neolithic revoltion
- In contrast to other prehistoric caves, the Chauvet caves contained
- images of predatory and dangerous species
- In paleolithic societies, humans got food by
- hunting and gathering
- Donald Johanson's discovery of Lucy was significant because
- it was the most complete skeleton of a bipedal being found up to that time
- Australopithecus developed this physical trait
- opposable thumbs
- many historians believed tha twriting developed from record keeping of
- urban priests
- broze was an imprtant alloy b/c
- it was easily cast and had a sharp edge
- the fossil evidence preserved at Olduvai Gorge discoverd by the Leakys was
- a footprint
- Archeological evidence of social classes in early civilizations can be found in
- the physical layout of cities
- Early sumerian creation myths were written on
- clay tablets
- Early farmers were able to produce more crops b/c
- they built masive irrigation projects
- Long distance trade was stimulated in early civilizzations by
- the search for new copper and tin
- an object made by humans
- artifact
- prehistoric caves in france
- Lascaux
- Catal Huyuk
- Neolithic village
- river valley in Iraq
- Euphrates
- skilled rafts worker
- artisan
-
age
2 million BC - 12,000 BC - Paleolothic age
-
age
12,000 BC - 8,000 - Mesolithic age
-
age
8,000 BC - 5,000 BC - Neolithic age
-
species
2.5 - 1.5 million BC - Homo habilis
-
species
1.5 million - 200,000 BC - Homo erectus
-
species
200,000 - 35,000 BC - Neanderthal
-
species
40,000 - 8,000 BC - Cro-Magnon
- maybe the oldest work of literature and it concerns the adventures of a legendary king
- The Epic of Gilgamesh
-
period of Egyptin history
2700 BC - 2200 BC - Old kingdom
- jackel headed Egyptian god of embalming
- Annubis
- A large political unit in which several territories are brought together under a single rular
- empire
- Evidence from Indus Valley ruins sugests thet the peole had many/few enimies
- few
- under Hammurabi's code punishment...
- varied depending on the class of the victim
- The 3 most powerful gods in ancient Egypt were
- Osiris, Isis, Horus
- By the time of the empire, Egyptin woman had the right
- to own property, divorce, and testify in court
- The excavations of the ancient Shang Dynasty cities show
- sharp devisions between social classes
- The tomb of Tutankhamen was hidden for centuries because
- the enterance had been covered over by workes bulding a later tomb
- This rular declared the desire to "prevent the power from oppressing the weak and to give my land fair decisions."
- Hammurabi
- The major technalogical advance of the Shang dynasty
- casting bronze
- One of the most remarkablr achievemnts of Indus river valley civilization
- plumbing and sewer system
- Less is known about the Harappans b/c
- we can't translate their written language
- At the end of the middle kingdom, Egypt was invaded by
- the Hyksos
- 2 of the earliest chinese dynasties were
- Shang & Zhou
- Ancient chinese people believed the Mandate of Heaven gave their rulars
- divine authority to rule
- Durng the process of embalming, egyptian priests put organs
- in separte jars protected by the sons of Horus
- The Rosetta stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics b/c
- it was written in three languages including Greek
- Anyang
- Shang Dynasty capital
- Sargon
- 1st empire builder
- Hatshepsut ruled during __ dynasty
- 18th
- capital of Egypt's Middle Kingdim
- Thebes
- buried in the step pyramid
- Zoser
- largest city in the Indus Valley
- Mohenjo Daro
- The Israelite tribes were ruled by judicial and military leaders called
- judges
- This king continued his father's war against the Greeks
- Xerxes
- how King Darius came to power
- He siezed the throne with the support of a military elite
- The Aramaeans influenced other cultures most when they
- introduced them to their language
- the first army to use iron weapons & spoke-wheeled chariots
- Hittites
- The Israelite king who set up a capital in Jeruselem
- David
- The Greek alphabet was based on the easy-to-learn, 22-character writing system of
- the Phoenicians
- The Chaldan capetal where Jews were taken into exile was
- Babylon
- The early Hebrews migrated from mesopotamia to settle in
- Canaan
- By 1200 BC the phoenicians had built
- a lose confederation of city-states
- The Assyriana earned a reputation for
- extreme cruelty
- around 1650 BC the Hittites established several city-states on a central plateau in
- Anatolia
- In 922 BC, the hebrews divided into 2 kingdoms b/c
- they resented the king's high taxes and forced labor
- Zoroaster taught that people had to
- choose between good and evil
- The Lydians replaced the barter system by
- using coins as a median of change
- The capture of Nineveh marked
- the end of the Assyrian Empire
- Portians of the bible were written in
- Aramaic
- Persepolis was built by
- Darius
- Hebrew's neighbors in Canaan
- Philistines & Phoenicians
- powerful phoenician city-state
- Carthage
- Abraham's agreement w/ Yahweh
- covenant
- provincial govenors of the Persian Empire
- satraps
- rular who released the Hebrews from captiviy
- Cyrus II
- trading peoples centered in Damascus
- Aramaeans
- successor to Moses
- Joshua
- king who built the Temple of God
- Solomon
- Hebrew's escape from Egypt
- exodus
- The first European civilization developed on the island of
- Creete
- Not long after the Trojan Wars, sea raiders called ______ overran the mainland & conquerd the Mycenaens
- Dorians
- By the 700s BC Greek kings lost power to
- aristocrats
- Greeks fought in this military formations called
- phalanx
- in 1898, Sir Arther Evans dicoverd the ruins of a civilization he called
- Minoan
- greek tyrant who developed the first legal system
- Draco
- The relationship between the greeks and their gods were unique b/c
- superir human cuold outwit & limit the gods
- citizens of the greek city-states were
- only free, greek-speaking males
- the political center of a city-state
- agora
- the Athenian tyrants changed athenian gov. by
- moving Athens closer to democracy
- Sparta was located on the Peninsula of
- Peloponnesus
- spartan slaves were called
- helots
- body of water that separates Greece from Persia
- Black sea
- greek goddess of wisdom & art
- Athena
- Mycenaeans were warlike b/c
- they built walled cities and produced bronze weapons
- Arther Evens believed he had uncoved a lost civilization when he found
- bronze weapons & evidence of walled cities
- 1100 - 750 BC is called the "dark ages" b/c
- written language disapeared & people loat thei rskills
- minoan women had higher status than others b/c
- their religion had moer goddesses that gods
- Built aroun 353 BC in W Asia Monpr, this Wonder honored an official of the Persian Empire
- The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
- Designed by Kng Nebuchadnezar, an early description of this woner was written by Greek historian Heroditus
- Hanging Guardent of Babylon
- This wonder, created by the Greek artist Phidias in th 5th century BC & was 40 ft. tall
- the Statue of Zeus
- in 1994, a team of archeologists found evidence of this wonder in the water of Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharos Lighthouse
- This wonder, dedicated to the sun god Helios, collapsed in an earthquake 60 yrs after it was built
- Colossus of Rhodes
- the 1st battle of the persian war
- Marathon
- the author of Oedipus Rex, a greek tragity about a king doomed by the gods to kill his father & marry his mother
- Sophocles
- an alliance of city-states headed by athens
- Delian league
- temple built on th acropolis overlooking Athens to honor the goddess Athena
- parthenon
- as a result of the Peloponnesian War
- faith in democracy was weakened in Greece
- artist that created the 40 ft statue in the temple on the acropolis
- Phidias
- in the mountain pass of Thermopolae
- king Leonidus led the spartans against the persians
- in the earliest greek plays
- the lead character struggled against fate only to be doomed
- primary caude of the persin war
- athens sent ships to help the ionians rebel againt the persians
- How did Pericles appeal to both rich & poor in his speach
- he said that weath should be used for good perposes & poverty is not shameful if people work to avoid it
- playwright that wrote the tragity of the Trojan War w/ sympathetic portrayals of women
- Euripides
- "No one, so long as he has it in him to be of service to the state, is kept in political obscurity b/c of poverty." author
- Pericles
- in 1806, Thomas Bruce, the Earl of Elgin
- sold Parthenon frieze & sculpture to the British
- in the Funeral Eration, Pericles explained & defended
- Athenian democracy
- greek culture reached it's hight in Athens after
- the persian war ended in 479 BC
- the tragic flaw of pride that lead to a hero's downfall
- hubris
- building on the acropolis famous for "the porch of the maidens"
- Erechtheum
- the artist who captured the ideal body in motion w/ his sculpture called "Discus Thrower"
- Myron
- Athenian authoer who was famous for comidies & social satire
- Aristophanies
- anciet greek storyteller who set 2 of his greatest epic poems during the Trojan war
- Homer
- Greek footsoldiers
- hoplites
- after Alexander the Great died, his general _________ sized control of Egypt
- Ptolemy
- one of the greatest Hellenistc engineers & inventors said that if he had a lever and a place to stand he could move the world
- Archimedes
- the early civilization that worshipped bulls and decorated their walls w/ colorful frescos
- Minoans
- Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, & Aristophanies were
- Athenian playwrights
- Heroditus is concidered the "father of history" b/c
- based his historical accounts on interviews and reliable sources
- In his colected work called Politcs
- Aristotle stated that power should rest w/ the middle class
- After the battle of Plataea in 479 BC
- Pericles lead Athens into a "Golden Age"
- Ahtenian Tyrants (4)
- Darco, Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes
- "only humans make history" by...
- Thucydides
- in The Republic the ideal gov. is described as one in which
- the most intellegent & best educated members from the ruling class
- The Illiad tells the story of the war between
- the Mycenaeans & the Trojans
- who argued that the sun was bigger than the earth
- Aristarchus
- devised a medical code of ethics
- Hippocrates
- who created the sculptures in the parthenon
- Phidias
- who wrote the first geometry book
- Euclid
- father of Alexander the Great
- Phillip II
- Ides od March
- March 15, 44 BC
- most powerful legislative branch of the Roman Republic
- Senate
- 1st Triumvirate
- Caesar, Crassus & Pompey
- who migrated from N Italy & gained control over Rome in 600s BC
- Etruscans
- Engarved in bronze, hung in the forum, formed the basis for all futere Roman law
- Twelve Tables
- Roman general who defeated Hanibal
- Publius Scipio
- persecutin of christians began w/ the rule of
- Nero
- Roman foot-soldiers were called
- legionaries
- the largest unit in the Roman military
- legion
- roman scholar who wrote a monumental history of Rome that glorified patriotism & the heroism of the early Romans
- Livy
- in 49 BC Julius Caesar began a civil war by
- crossing the Rubicon
- Roman Generals improved on Greek military tactics by
- having smaller, more mobile troops
- "So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements." by
- Romulus
- after years of rule by kings, Romans declared their city a
- republic
- gracchi reform were intended primerily to
- provide land & economic relief for Rome's poor & unimployed
- the executive branch of the Roman repulic was headed by 2 patrician officials elected for 1-yr. terms
- consuls
- "there is a proverb, 'you have as many enemies as you have slaves.' But in truth, we make them our enimies. We abuse them as if they were beasts of burden." by
- Seneca
- the roman empire reache dit's gratrest size during the reign of
- Trajan
- Diocletian was able to slow disintegration of the Empire temporarily by
- forcing people to stay at their jobs
- Why do some people believe that Christians started the great fir of Rome
- Raical Christians circulated text predicting that fire woud destroy the evil city
- Germanic tribes lived by
- raising cattle & farming small plots of land
- in AD 476
- Odoacer overthrew the emperor & declared himself king
- author of the Annals
- Tacitus
- author of City of God
- Augustine
- leader of the visigoths
- Aleric
- rebuilt the pantheon
- Hadrian
- assasinated Julias Caesar
- Brutus & Cassius
- social classes
- Varnas
- duties
- dharma
- epic poem that tells the story of Rama & Sita
- Ramayana
- basic beliefs of Buddhism
- 4 Noble Truths
- Buddhism's state of freedom from the cycle of rebirth
- nirvana
- differences between Buddhism & Hinduism
-
varnas
rituals & sacrifices
rejected brahmans
1 single founder of buddhism
many gods of Hinduism - # gods in Hindu trinity
- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva
- Vedas written in
- Sanskrit
- dyansty during India's golden age
- Gupta
- Asoka's laws
- Rock Edicts
- 2 branches of Buddhism
- Therevada 7 Mahayana
- "In death, thy glory in heaven, in victory, thy glory in earth. Arise therfere, Arjuna with thy soul ready to fight" by
- Krishna
- Buddha's name
- Siddhartha Guatama
- moksha is
- achieving unin w/ the eternal spirit
- jati were based on
- what you did for a living
- concept of zero & infinity developed during the reign of
- the Guptas
- Hinduism & Buddhism both share this blief about enlightenment
- most people can't achieve it in 1 lifetime
- Buddha began his search for truth after
- meditating under a fig tree
- warrier class
- kshatriyas
- janism has special emphsis on
- non-violence to all living things
- between 800 & 400 BC hindu scholars collected religios writings called
- Upanishads