Reconstruction period - WW1
Terms
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- 10% Reconstruction Plan
- Wade-Davis Bill
- 13th Amendment
- Abolishment of Slavery
- Black Codes
- State laws passed to try and keep the Freemen as 2nd class citizens.
- Civil Rights Bill
- Vetoed by Johnson, Overridden by Congress
- 14th Amendment
- The right to citizenship
- Military Reconstruction Act
- The south was divided into 5 districts. General U.S. Grant was to oversee the districts.
- 15th Amendment
- Right for Black Freeman to vote
- Ku Klux Klan. Who was the first member?
- Started in Tenn. Hate group, didnÂ’t like the 15th Amendment. Started out as a Faternal Organization, then Charity group.NATHAN BEDFORD-1st Member
- Force Acts of 1870-1871
- Acts to curtail the violence of the KKK. Set curfew, no riding horses at night.
- Impeachment Pres. Andrew Johnson
- Weak president. Had the 50% Reconst. Plan. Impeached but not removed.(For Abuse of Power - Tenure of office Acts)
- Tenure of office Acts
- Senate must approve firing of a position by the president. Sentate passed to “set-up” Johnson so they could impeach him. Later Supreme Court found Unconst.
- FreedmanÂ’s Bureau
-
Three parts:
Charitable organization
Land distribution,
Mostly known for there education. - Alaska
- AKA as Seward's Folly, purchased for 7.2 million from Russia.
- Seward's Folly
- Purchase of Alaska
- U.S. Grant
- Weak president, controlled by congress. Presidency marked by corruption.
- Black Friday
-
Attempt to corner the Gold market.
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould set-up Pres. Grant to look like he was a part of it. Bought up Gold, raised price, didnÂ’t let Govt. release gold into the market. Later, Grant releases Gold all at onceÂ…people lost everything. Depression hits country. - Credit Mobiler Scandal
- Largest Scandal. About the Trans-Cont. Railroads. Company owned by OAK AMES- member of the house. Oak bribed everyone in congress – many people implicated. Monopoly on business. Govt. paid the business to build RR.
- Whiskey Ring
- Liquor Tax, Sec of Treasury pockets money.
- Belknap Bribery
- Sec. of War responsible for maintaining Indian Reservations. Company bribed to get contract – money funneled into wife’s acct.
- Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed
-
Dem. Political machine - William Tweed. Most corrupt machine. “Taken down” by Thomas Nast -cartoonist.
Samuel Tilden had Tweed arrested for corruption. - Hayes-Tilden Election 1876
- Worst Corruption election in U.S. history.No clear winner. House committee decide Hayes wins.
- Compromise of 1877
- Ended the Reconstruction period.
- James Garfield
-
2nd shortest presidential tenure.
Assassinated by Charles Guiteau.
Chester Arthur becomes president. - Chester Arthur
- Becomes president after James Garfield was assassinated. Pendleton Act passed.
- Pendleton Act of 1883
- As a result of Garfield’s assassination, got rid of the “spoils system.” – Civil Service Reform.
- Grover Cleveland
- Only person to have two NON-consecutive terms.
- Benjamin Harris
- Only Grandfather and Grandson that served as presidents.
- Robber Barons (and examples)
-
Monopolistic head of an Industry
Rockefeller-Oil/Trusts
Carnegie - Steel/Vertical Integration
Morgan –Banks - Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC)
- First regulatory commission for RR. Mainly passed to “pacify” the farmers. Not effective because of the corruption.
- The Railroads (Two Companies)
-
Union Pacific – NE to West (1086 miles)
Central Pacific – CA to Omaha (689 miles) - “Wedding of the Rails”
- Promitory Point
- Most of the Labor for the RRÂ’s came from what three groups?
-
Freedman -Union
Chinese -Central
Irish – Union - Positive Impact of Railroads
- Time Zones, Trade, Travel, Industries
- Negative Impact of Railroads
- Shipping industry goes down, Indians, Ghost towns, High crime, Death
- What is a Trust ?
- Owning of more than one company. Group of investors buy up stock. Ex: own all oil refineries.
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- Passes to appease the workers, outlawed trusts.
- John D. Rockefeller
- Oil Baron, Created the “Trusts”
- Andrew Carnegie
-
Steel Baron, Created “Vertical Integration”
Ex: buys up the entire industry. - J.P. Morgan
- Banks
- Labor Unions (Three)
-
Tried to establish working regulations.
National Labor Union
Knights of Labor
AFL - Haymarket Square Massacre
- Knights of Labor blamed for killing police in a national strike.
- National Labor Union (Who could join? Problem?)
-
Everyone could join.
Problem, more interested in Social Reform - Knights of Labor (Who could join? Problem?)
-
Everyone could join.
Problem, more interested in Social Reform - AFL (Founder? Who cold join?)
-
Samuel Gompers.
Only skilled labor – white males. - Samuel Gompers
- Founded AFL union.
- Thomas Edison
- Discovered Electricity, More Patents that anyone else.
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Invented the Telephone
- John Wilkes Booth
- Assassinated Abraham Lincoln
- Two main groups migrating to the City.
- Immigrants (Outside), Country/Rual (inside).
- Most Immigrants are coming from what areas?
- Southern Europe (Italians), Eastern Europe(Jews)
- Reasons for migration to the city?
- RR is robbing land from farmers, Country is becoming industrialized.
- List some problems within the city.
- Overcrowding, increase in crime, lack of jobs, homelessness, disease
- Groups that rise up for reform
- Churches, Tammany Hall, Jane Adams/Hull house, Civil Rights groups, Press
- Social Gospel
- Dwight L. Moody
- Jane Adams
- Hull House, settlement houses, basic education. Starting of WomenÂ’s Rights.
- Mary Baker Eddy
- Founded Christian Science.
- YMCA
- Reform group that helped boys/girls
- Booker T. Washington
- Founded Tuskegee Inst.(Slave); believed the “fight” was life long.
- W.E.B Dubois
- 1st Black Harvard PHD. –Sociology, founded NAACP.
- The Press AKA...
- Changes to Sensationalism to get the attention of the reader: “Yellow Journalism”
- Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst
- “Robber Barons” of newspaper industry.
- Authors of the Reform movement period
- Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Emily Dickenson, William Halze
- Emily Dickenson
- AmericaÂ’s Favorite Poet
- Inventor of Basketball (YMCA)
- James Nay Smith
- Annie Oakley
- Woman Sharp-shooter: “Greatest on the face of the earth”
- “The Great Train Robbery”
- 1st full length film.
- Indian Wars: Bozeman Trail
- Wagon Trail, Ambush type warfare - Indians led victory 1866
- FettermanÂ’s Defeat
- Only time the Indians could dictate the peace treaty. Treaty of Laramy – made Army abandon Bozeman trail
- Battle of Little Big Horn
- Most famous of Indian Wars battle. CusterÂ’s Last Stand. Sent to protect the Gold miners.
- Geronimo
- Apache Chief, Surrendered at Skeleton Canyon. (Starts on Wild West Shows)
- Chief Joseph
- Head of “Nez Perce” tribe
- Wounded Knee
- Indian Massacre. Indians gave up their guns –by mistake army started shooting. End of Indian Wars.
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- Stood up for Indians. Wrote Book “A Century of Dishonor”
- The Grange
- Co-ops for Farmers/ Helped find politicians that favored farmers and lobby for change.
- Populist Party
- A Party the Farmers created to have more “say” in political matters. (Peoples Party)
- Billion Dollar Congress
- Wanted to make everyone happy. Gave bonus to civil war vets.
- Sherman-Silver Act
- Farmers agreed silver would be their currency. Govt. approved and bought up all the silver. Robber Barons get Gold. Farmers get Silver.
- Mckinley Tariff
- Eliminated Europe competition. Industry “protectionism”.
- Panic of 1893
- Causes depression. A series of shocks that undermined public confidence and weakened the economy. Under President Grover Cleveland.
- CoxeyÂ’s Army
- Jacob Coxey marched on Washington to Protest.
- Pullman Strike
- RR Strikers? –Army had to be called in because they disrupted the US Mail.
- Eugene V. Debs
- In Charge of Pullman Strike.
- Who nominated William Jennings Bryan and what speech is he famous for?
- Nominated by Populist Party, Nominated by Democratic Party –Gave speech “Cross of Gold”
- How did William Mckinley change the face of campaigning?
- Wins 1896 Election against William Jennings Bryan, Changed the face of campaigning – hired a campaign manager, Mark Hannah (He solicited money).
- Josiah Strong
- Missionary to Asia(China), outspoken supported for Asia
- Alfred Thayer Mahan
- Capt in U.S. Navy wrote “Possibilties of World Domination Influence of Sea…..”
- USS Maine
- Ship sent to Cuba as a show of force. Mysteriously exploded.
- Teller Amendment
- Amendment to the Declarations of war.
- Commodore George Dewey
- Commander of the Navy Fleet in Philippines. Battle of Manila Bay. 1st Shots of war over Cuba.
- Leonard Wood
- In Charge of the Rough Riders (Later becomes governor of Cuba)
- Theodore Roosevelt (Rough Riders)
- In charge of East
- Buck OÂ’neil
- In Charge of West Rough Riders
- Treaty of Paris 1898
- Ends the Spanish –American War
- Platt Amendment
- US can intervene in Cuba and gets G.Bay
- Joseph Wheeler
- Comes out of retirement to help train Rough Riders in Florida.
- Election 1900
- William McKinley wins, Theodore Roosevelt is VP.
- Leon F. Czolgosz
- Assassinates William McKinley.
- Roosevelt Corollary
- Theodore RooseveltÂ’s policy on Foreign Affairs to the Monroe Doctrine.
- Muckrakers
- New Type of “Investigative” Journalism
- Ida Tarbell
- Most Famous Muckraker, Wrote for “Mclures” – Standard Oil. They Expose ugliness.
- Lincoln Steffens
- Author of “Shame of the Cities”
- Jacob Riis
- Author “How the other half lives”
- Stephan Crane
- Author “Maggie” – A girl of the streets.
- Upton Sinclair
- Author “The Jungle” – Worker Life, impact meat business.
- 17th Amendment
- Direct Election of Senators
- Triangle Shirtwaist Co
- Disaster killed 146 women in a sewing factory. This brought about reform.
- Square Deal
- Theodore RooseveltÂ’s Platform. The Three CÂ’s: Control Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservatism.
- Anthracite Coal Strike
- Strike affecting schools, Roosevelt stepped in and took control of mines.
- Three biggest changes from Political Reform.
- 1.Creation of Recall vote 2. Direct Primary Election 3. Created 17th Amdendment.
- Theodore Roosevelt (Re-elected after Mclinley) Platform
- The Square Deal
- Elkins Act and Hepburn Act
- Examples of Corporation Control – Three C’s of Roosevelt
- Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food Drug
- Examples of Consumer Control – Three C’s of Roosevelt
- Forest Reserve Act and Newlands Act
- Examples of Conservation – Three C’s of Roosevelt
- As a result of the nomations for “Election of 1912”, What does Roosevelt do?
- Create the Bull-Moose party
- Who wins the election of 1912?
- Woodrow Wilson (Taft – Roosevelt split votes)
- “New Freedom” Platform
- Woodrow WilsonÂ’s Platform
- Three principles of the “Triple wall of Privilege”
- Three Principles of the “New Freedom” Platform: Taxes/Tariffs, Trusts, Banks
- 16th Amendment
- Federal Tax Income
- Underwood Tariff
- Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the United States than abroad.
- Federal Reserve Act
- Created the Federal Reserve Banks
- Federal Trade Commission
- Regulates business, Kills Monopolies
- Clayton-Trust Act
- Labor Reform, outlawed Anti-trust laws.
- Poncho Villa
- Biggest Rebel in Mexico History. Trying to take over Mexican government – Kills Americans- trying to get U.S. to go to war with Mexico.
- John J. Pershing
- Rough Riders, In charge of searching out Poncho Villa
- Franz Ferdinand
- Arch Duke from Austria-Hungry, Assassinated – The beginnings of WWI.
- List the 4 Allied Powers of WWI
- France, Russia, Britain, (Later USA)
- List the 3 Central Powers of WWI
- Germany, Austri-Hungry, Ottuman Empire(Turkey).
- What country mobilized and attacked first in WWI?
- Germany mobilized troops first and attacked first – by surprise.
- List reason why the war between Germany and France became stagnant.
- Machine guns, Artillery, Barbed wire, Mustard Gas, U-Boats
- U-Boats
- German owned Submarines, did not discriminate against neutral or merchant ships.
- The Lusitonia
- A British passenger ship that was sunk by a U-Boat. 128 Americans died.
- Factors that bring U.S. into the War (WWI)
- U-boats, sinking of The Lusitonia, Sinking American ships, Catching German Spies in U.S., THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM.
- The Zimmerman telegram
- German foreign minister sends telegram to Mexico asking them to invade the US. Telegraph was intercepted and confirmed by Mexico.
- What four “higher reasons” does Wilson use in making entry to the war a “ideological Crusade” ?
- 1.World safe for democracy, 2. Take out Tyrants/Dictatorships 3. War to end all Wars. 4. Created "14 points"
- Wilson Fourteen Points
- Woodrow Wilson’s “ideological Crusade”
- Creation of “League of Nations”
- Woodrow Wilson, never became a part of it, came out of his 14 pointsÂ…
- AEF – American Expeditionary Force (The Army)
- John J. Pershing Headed up (Army)
- George Creel
- Head of Committee on Public Information
- Committee on Public Information
- Raised morale of the country
- Food Administration
- Headed by Herbert Hoover
- 19th Amendment
- Last progressive Amendments – Women’s right to vote.
- Treaty of Versailles
- End of WWI
- Article 231
- AKA “War guilt cause”