muscles
Terms
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- Mandible
- Has 2 halves, they join at the symphysis which is a common area for fractures, articulates with the temporal bone to form temporo-mandibular-joint. contains all lower teeth
- Quadriceps
- Anterior thigh muscle that causes extension at the knee
- Supinator - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring posterior part of the ulna
- Accessory structures of integumentary system
- Hair (pili), glands, and nails
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- Patellar Luxation
- If the trochlea is not deep enough , the patella can pop out of the groove and cause lameness, termed _________.
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- Acetabulum
- Hip socket. Formed by all three bones of the pelvis. Where the femur articulates
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- Extensor digitorum - Action
- Extension of the second, third, fourth, and fifth phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints, Extension of the wrist, weak extension of the elbow
- Posterior Deltoid
- Rear part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder extension and horizntal abduction
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- biceps femoris
- O: 2 heads: long-ischial tuberosity, short: linea aspera of femur; I: head of fibula
- Athelete's foot (tinea pedis)
- fungus of foot
- Gastrocnemius
- Origin: Femoral condyles
- triceps
- back of arm
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Insertion
- Base of the fifth metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- Adductor Femoris
- Ischium and pubis, femur, adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh
- Passive Tension
- Tension due to muscle stretch
- latissimus dorsi
- o: lower spine and illiac crest; i: proximal humerus; extends and adducts humerus
- Tuber sacrale
- Dorsal-medial portion that articulates with the sacrum
- occipitalis
- o: occiptal bone; i: scalp; pulls scalp posteriorly
- Extensor digiti minimi - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Muscle
- Contains several fascicles
- Elastic
- Stretches and returns to original shape... around abdomen and walls of arteries
- Antagonist
- Muscle acts in opposition to the agonist, often lengthening to do so
- Distal
- Farther away from the body
- Peroneus brevis
- Innveration: superficial peroneal nerve
- sternocleidomastoid
- o: sternum, clavicle; i: temporal bone; flexes neck, rotates head
- Pelvic Limb
- Hind Leg
- Gluteus Maximus
- Posterior muscle that causes hip extension
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- zygomaticus
- o: zygomatic bone; i: skin and muscle at corner of lips; raises corners of mouth
- Physiology
- Study of how things function
- 1 square inch of the integumentary system contains
- >3 million cells, 15 ft of blood vessels, 4 yards nerves, 650 sweat glands, 100 oil glands, 1500 sensory receptors
- Epidermis and dermis
- Epidermis is superficial epithelium, dermis is underlying area of connective tissues
- Vestigial Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in cats
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Pronator quadratus - Action
- Pronation of the forearm
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Abductor pollicis longus - Origin
- Posterior aspect of the radius and midshaft of the ulna
- Agonist
- The main muscle used to produce a movement
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Frontal Bones
- More rostral to parietal bones, make up caudal part of eye socket, have large sinus under them that communicate with the nasal passages, location from which horns and antlers grow
- Joint Capsule
- Surrounds the joint cavity, has 2 layers
- Antagonist
- Muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- Papillary layer
- Top 1/5 of dermis, most is areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae "fingerprints"
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Adductors
- Muscles that cause adduction
- Palatine Bones
- Form most caudal portion of hard palate
- Sternohyoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, hyoid bone, depresses hyoid and larynx
- pectoralis major
- chest
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- Vertebrae
- Becomes progressively larger down to the sacrum and then become successively smaller.
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Insertion
- Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (dorsal surface)
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Strong bandlike muscle involved in "wry neck" known as torticollis (flexes and rotates the head)
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Action
- Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint, Weak wrist extension, Wrist abduction
- Extensor
- Straighten out the joint
- pectineus
- O: superior ramus of pubis; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- origin
- less moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle
- Triceps brachii - Insertion
- Olecranon process of the ulna
- Onychectomy
- Dewclaw procedure
- sartorius
- O: anterior superior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- Strains
- Tearing or overstretching of a muscle. Tendons attach muscles to bone.
- Articular Surface
- The end of the bone that is articulating with another bone joint, surfaces of bone are covered with cartilage which makes them shiny and smooth
- quadriceps
- thigh
- Type II A Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; can be trained to act like I or II B; red
- Pronator teres - Insertion
- Middle third of the lateral surface of the radius
- Bursa
- Sac filled w/synovial fluid (between the tendon and bone) over use leads to bursitis
- Abductors
- Muscles that cause abduction
- Dewclaws
- MC-2 and MC-5 form these in ruminants
- Xiphoid
- Last sternebrae
- Irregular
- Unpaired bones. Ex: vertebrae, sternebrae, os penis, few skull bones
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Origin
- Posterior surface of the lower middle radius
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Extensor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Long
- More length than width, used for locomotion ex: femur, humerus
- Coxofemoral Luxation
- Dislocated hip
- Diaphysis
- Shaft or middle region of long bone that contains layer of spongy bone
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- Subluxation
- Partial dislocation- vertebrae
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Cartilage Bone
- Made from cartilage bars in the fetus that become calcified over time
- Urticaria or hives
- itching from allergy, stress or drug reactions
- Vastus Lateralis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg, stabilizes knee
- Luxation
- Dislocation- femur pops out of acetabulum
- Shingles
- chickenpox virus
- Epiphysis
- End of the bone
- Greenstick Fracture
- partial fracture - will bend on one side and break on the other
- Pili
- for protection from cold, sun, particles, produced by hair bulb and enclosed in hair follicle
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- bruise like cancer
- Cervical Vertebrae - 2nd
- Axes - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- Ligament
- Strong dense tissue that connects bone to bone
- Transverse Plane
- Right angles to the median plane
- motor neurons
- of the nervous system and stimulates skeletal muscles
- External Oblique
- Lower 8 ribs, Ilium and linea alba, flexion and rotation at waist
- fascia
- fibrous connective tissue that wrap around each muscle
- Pronator teres - Action
- Pronation of the forearm, weak flexion of the elbow
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C7, C8, and T1)
- Ilium
- Largest of the three bones of the pelvis. Cranial portion of each ox coxae. wing, body
- Pronator quadratus - Origin
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the ulna
- Flexor pollicis longus - Action
- Flexion of the thumb carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, Flexion of the wrist, Abduction of the wrist
- Muscle Fiber
- A single muscle tissue cell
- orbicularis oris
- o: mandible and maxilla; i: skin and muscle around mouth; closes and protrudes lips
- Circumduction
- moving bone or limb in a circle
- Extensor digitorum - Insertion
- Four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanxes of four fingers (dorsal surface)
- Arch
- Has 2 halves that curve upwards to meet on the midline. They are dorsal and lateral boundaries of the vertebral foramen
- Peroneus brevis
- Insertion: base of metatarsal 5
- gluteous maximus
- rump area, large
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Brachialis - Action
- True flexion of the elbow
- biceps
- two, muscle in the upper arm that has two heads or connecting points
- antagonistic pairs
- muscles are often arranged around joints, they produce opposite actions
- Extensor pollicis longus - Origin
- Posterior lateral surface of the lower middle ulna
- Quadriceps Femoris
- Cranial thigh muscles, extend stifle
- Sacral
- Vertebrae that articulates with the pelvis. Usually fused together in most species. Articulate with tuber sacrale of the ilium. Has dorsal process
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, adduction of the wrist, together with the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, weak flexion of the elbow
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Posterior aspect of the proximal ulna
- Abductor
- Moves the limb away from the body
- Median Plane
- Cuts body in half longitudally
- Proximal
- Near to the body proper
- Synergist
- Muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- Trochlea
- Patella rides in this groove of the distal femur
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpals 3 & 4 are fused together to form this in ruminants
- Partial Thickness and full thickness
- 1st and 2nd degree burns are "partial thickness", 3rd are full thickness
- Gracilis
- Pubis, tibia, adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
- Thoracic
- Vertebrae of the chest or thorax. Have large dorsal spines that tend to slant caudally. Small transverse process that articulate with the ribs
- Gastrocnemius
- Insertion: Calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
- Masseter
- powerful chewing muscle
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- insertion
- more moveable bone is considered to be where the muscle ends
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanxes of the four fingers
- False Ribs
- Are joined to the sternum by cartilage
- trapezius
- o: occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae; i: scalpular spine and clavicle; extends neck and adducts
- Floating Ribs
- Never join the sternum
- Plantaris
- Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
- Condyles
- Rounded knobs at distal end of humerus that articulate with radius and ulna to form elbow joint
- Long Bones - Characteristic
- Very Strong, Broad at ends where they join other bones, large surface area for muscle attachment
- Biceps bracii
- flex the elbow joint
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- visceral muscle
- the muscle found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach
- Anconeus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of cells
- System
- Groups of organs working together to do a common job
- semitendinosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: proximal medial surface of tibia
- Rostral
- On the head, towards the nose
- Properties of Dermis
- vascularized (temperature, blood pressure, nutrients, metabolic waste), glands, follicles and receptors
- Flexion
- Bending or Decreasing the angle between bones
- Ethmoid Bones
- Are internal bones, they start at the most rostral portion of the cranial cavity and extend forward into the nasal passages
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- Stratum corneum
- Most superficial, "horn-like" cornified or keratinized, 15-30 layers flat and dead, 15-30 days from stratum basale then 10-14 days until lost, tightly connected
- Sarcomere
- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- Pronator quadratus - Insertion
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the radius
- Biceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa, Short head- coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenoid fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Orbicularis oris muscle
- muscle that allows you to move your lips
- Brachialis - Insertion
- Coronoid process of the ulna
- Hemiplegia
- Partial or complete loss of muscle function on one side of the body
- Osteocytes
- Bone cells
- Hypodermis
- Subcutaneous layer, attaches dermis to underlying tissue, adipose, areolar connective tissues (energy reserve and padding), vascular
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Pronator teres - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Phalanges
- Digits or fingers. 5 in dogs cats and humans. Each digit has 3 bones except thumb (digit one or dewclaw) which has 2
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Origin
- Proximal three-fourths of the anterior and medial ulna
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Insertion
- Each tendon splits and attaches to the sides of the middle phalanx of four fingers (palmer surface)
- Supinator - Insertion
- Lateral surface of the proximal radius just below the head
- Cranial Nerve I
- The olfactory nerve
- Muscle
- Used for movement- skeletal, striated and cardiac
- Psoriasis
- Chronic, noninfectious, raised, reddened round plaques covered by silvery white scales
- Peroneus brevis
- Origin: midlateral margin of fibula
- Obturator Foramen
- Holes in the pubis of the pelvis that make it more light weight
- Osteoblast
- Cells that make bone
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Agonist
- Muscle directly responsible for the movement
- Anconeus - Action
- Extension of the elbow
- Osteoclast
- Cells that break down bone
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Biceps brachii - Action
- Flexian of the elbow, supination of the forearm, weak flexion of the shoulder joint, weak abduction of the shoulder joint when the shoulder joint is in external rotation
- Synovial Fluid
- Lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Gluteus Maximus
- Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, femur, extension, and lateral rotation of thigh
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- Impacted Fracture
- one end of a bone is wedged into the adjoining bone
- Nails
- protect digits, plates of keratinezed epidermal cells
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- Tibialis Anterior
- Shin muscle that causes dorsiflexion e.g bringing toes towards the shin
- Myosin
- A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber
- Pronator quadratus - Innervation
- Median nerve (palmar interosseous branch) (C6, C7)
- Pastern Bone
- The name of P-2 in large animals
- Fibula
- Lateral to the tibia. Sort of like the ulna, can extend from stifle to tarsus, or may be fused with tibia, or only partially present like in the horse
- Plantaris
- Insertion: posterior portion of calcaneous
- Sprain
- Stretching of ligaments around joint
- Syndactyly
- "mulefoot" in cattle, Recessive gene, foot looks like a horses foot, toes are fused together
- Flexor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Median nerve, palmar interosseous branch (C8, T1)
- Collagen
- Fibrous tissue that adds strength to other tissues; gelatin, capsule around muscles
- Gelatinous Marrow
- Broken down marrow, in old and starving animals
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Ethmoid Turninates
- Curled sheets of bone sometimes called scrolls, which are covered in mucous membrane
- Facial Bones
- Bones that make up the face that dont surround the cranial cavtiy
- Plantaris
- Action: flexes knee; plantar flexes foot
- 3 pigments of skin
- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin (not resident)
- Plantar
- Caudal surface of the hind legs from the ankle to the toes
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Tibia, Phalanges of toes 2-5, extend toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
- Aging of integumentary system
- Thinner and more prone to damage, fewer immune cells, less vitamin D produced, decrease in melanocyte activity (gray hair), less secretion, skin dries easily, sweat glands less active, fewer capillaries to lose heat, dermis loses elasticity and strength (wrinkles)
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Paraplegia
- Paralysis of all or some of the muscles in th trunk and lower extremities
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of cells
- Periosteum
- Outer most fibrous layer that supplies blood and nerves to the bone
- Ethmoid Foramina
- Openings that let the olfactory nerve leave the brain and enter the nasal passages
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Most common skin cancer, rarely fatal, but can be disfiguring
- Greater Tubercle
- Non-articular knob lateral to head. Point of shoulder when palpating joint
- Glenoid Cavity
- Articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint
- Fibrosis
- formation of scar tissue
- rectus abdominis
- stomach
- Polydactyly
- Extra fingers/toes
- Deltoid
- Common site for injections - Shoulder
- Reticular layer
- Collagen, elastin, strong and stretchable. If stretched too far, it tears causing striae or linea albicans (stretch marks). It's innervated, has effectors (muscles, glands) and receptors
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Biceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow flexion
- Extensor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (dorsal surface)
- Gastrocnemius
- Femur, via achilles tendon onto calcaneal tendon, flexes lower leg, plantarflexes foot
- Malignant melanoma
- worst kind, most rare but deadliest
- Flat Bone Characteristic
- Gives a lot of protection
- popliteus
- O: lateral epicondyle of femur; I: posterior surface of tibia (Proximal)
- Os Coxae
- Hip, pelvis
- Red Marrow
- Active bone marrow
- Surface area of integumentary system
- 15-20 square feet
- Composition of Bone
- 1/3 Organic matter. 2/3 Ca++ and Phosphorus hydorapatite
- Soleus
- Insertion: calcaneous via calcanal tendon
- vastus lateralis
- O: greater trochanter and linea aspera; I: tibial tuberosity
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
- Body
- Solid, rounded mass of bone that makes up the ventral part of vertebrae
- Pelvic Symphysis
- Where the two halves of the pelvis join ventrally
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- Origin
- Proximal. The more stable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- Gastrocnemius
- Action: Flexes knee; plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- Insertion
- attachment to a bone which moves in the ordinary active in the body (distal)
- Navicular Disease
- Degeneration of the navicular bone over time that leads to chronic lameness
- Open Reductions
- manipulating ends of fractures under direct vision using an incision
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- Sartorius
- Ilium, tibia, flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh, flexes lower leg
- Articulation
- Another name for joint
- Muscles
- ends in tendons
- Connective
- Binds other tissues together, protection and leverage
- Exogenous Infection
- Created by a puncture into the joint
- Tendon
- Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles to bones
- Talipes
- Clubfoot - congenital anomalies
- Metacarpals
- Hand bones. 5 bones numbered from 1-5, medial to lateral
- Peristalsis
- A rythmic, wavelike motion that progressively moves through a tube organ such as the small intestine
- Flexor
- Bend the joint th way it wants to bend
- masseter
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Rectus Abdominis
- Pubic bone, Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process, flexion at waist
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Insertion
- Base of the third metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- Fibrous Joint
- No joint cavity, bones are held together by fibrous tissue, found between splints and cannon bone. Found between skull bones (sutures) teeth in sockets
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- erector spinea
- o: illiac crests, ribs 3-12, vertebrae; i: rubs thoracic and cervical vertebrae; extends back
- orbicularis oculi
- o: frontal bone; i: tissue around eyes; blinks and closes eyes
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Caudal
- Towards the tail
- Epithelial
- Covers and lines the body; skin, mucous membranes...
- Anconeus - Origin
- Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus
- Radius and Ulna
- 2 bones of forearm. Side by side. Fused together in cows and horses. If fused, flexibility is lost
- Extension
- Increasing the angle between bones
- Tibialis posterior
- Origin: proximal tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane
- Manubrium
- First sterebrae, at the thoracic inlet
- Scoliosis
- Abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic spine
- vastus medialis
- O: intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- Ribs
- Same number as thoracic vertebrae. Articulate dorsally with the thoracic vertebrae, articulate ventrally with the sternum. Ventral portion is cartilage
- Internal Oblique
- Lmbodorsal fascia, Lower 4 ribs, Flexion and rotation at waist
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Action
- Flexion of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Cranial
- Towards the head
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Action
- Extension of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- Isometric Contraction
- Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
- Pubis
- Smallest of the three bones. Forms much of the ventral floor of the pelvic canal. Has a hole in it called the obturator foramen which make it more light weight. two halves meet at the pelvic symphysis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Insertion
- Pisiform, hamate, and base of the fifth metacarpal (palmer surface)
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- action
- type of movement a muscle produces
- Medial
- Close to the midline
- deltoid
- o: scalpular spine and clavicle; i: humerus (deltoid tuberosity); abducts the arm
- Short Bone Characteristic
- Can withstand alot of pressure
- Hip Dysplasia
- Shallow acetabulum and deformed femoral head... leads to arthritis, genetic in larger breeds, especially german shepards
- Palmaris longus - Insertion
- Palmer aponeurosis of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
- Crainium
- Bones that surround the cranial cavity
- voluntary muscles-ex
- skeletal muscles of the arm and leg
- temporalis
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Skeletal
- Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal, moves the bones of the skeleton
- Gross
- What we can see with the naked eye
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Short Bones
- Carpal, Tarsal
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Neck
- Between the head and shaft of the femur, sawed off to relieve symptoms of hip dysplasia
- Dermatitis
- skin inflammation
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- Parietal Bones
- More rostral to occipital bones
- C-7/ T-18/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the horse
- Titin
- Connects from M line to Z line
- Abductor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- Supinate
- Turning appendage up (toward sky)
- Rule of nines, lund and browder chart
- Determine percentage of body burned in an injury
- Hot thermoregulation
- Perspire, evaporation cools skin, vessels dilate, blood nears surface of skin
- Leukoplakia or vitiligo
- condition of the mouth that involves the formation of white leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth, vitiligo is similar but not in the mouth. possibly auto-immune
- Smooth
- Non-striated involuntary muscle w/only one nucleus- found on internal organs
- Dorsal Plane
- Cuts body into upper and lower halves
- Bone
- Calcified cartilage. Living tissue constantly being remodled
- Anterior Deltoid
- Front part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction
- Illiopsoas
- Anterior muscle that causes hip flexion
- Myofibrils
- Micorsopic, fiber-like structures that occupy most cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf Muscle, flexes stifle and extends hock, achilles tendon ORIGIN: Femur INSERION: Calcaneus-by achilles tendon
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- Head
- Smooth, rounded proximal end of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity
- gastrocnemius
- calf
- DJD or Arthritis
- Damage to joint can lead to this
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Innervation
- Median nerve (C8, T1) to the second and third fingers, Ulnar nerve (C8, T1) to the fourth and fifth fingers
- Arthritis
- Inflammation or infection of the joint
- Stratum spinosum
- 8-10 layers, keratin causes spiny appearance, little mitosis
- Eccentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by lengthening
- voluntary muscles-d
- a person consciously shooses which muscles to contract and how long and how hard to contract them
- Collarbone
- Boney attachment to scapula in humans
- Flexor pollicis longus - Origin
- Middle anterior surface of the radius and the anterior medial border of the ulna just distal to the coronoid process; occasionally a small head is present attaching on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Anconeus - Insertion
- Posterior surface of the lateral olecranon process and proximal one-fourth of the ulna
- Buccinator
- compresses cheeks
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Action
- Flexion of the four fingers at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the wrist
- Typical vertebra
- is anterior
- Triceps bracii
- extend the elbow joint
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- Closed Reductions
- manual manipulation of the ends of the fractured bone so that normal alignment is maintained
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- iliocostalis
- O: posterior iliac crest of os coxa; I: posterior angle of ribs
- Palmaris longus - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- Compact
- Beneath periosteum, very dense, makes up shaft of bone
- Tibialis Anterior
- Tibia, first cuneiform and first metatarsals, dorsiflexes and inverts foot
- Dens
- Cranial projection of the axis that fits into the atlas
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Abductor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the first metacarpal (dorsal lateral surface)
- gluteus maximus
- butt
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Isotonic Contraction
- Involves movement of the muscle contracting
- involuntary muscles-ex
- smooth muscles found in the internal organs and cardiac muscles
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- Spine
- Ridge down middle of scapula, can palpate in thin animals
- Fascicle
- A bundle of muscle fibers
- Contusion
- bruise
- Lateral
- Away from the midline
- Equines
- MT 3 forms the cannon bone. MT 2 and MT 4 form the splint bones
- Albinism
- melanocytes can't sythesize melanin
- Osteochondrosis dessicans
- OCD- degeneration of articular cartilage in joint-flaps
- Foramen Magnum
- A large hole in the occipital bone for the passage of nerves into the spinal cord
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- Temporal Bulla
- Bulb like cavity that contains the middle ear where the stirrup, anvil and hammer are
- Scapula
- Shoulder blade, flat bone, no boney attachment to rest of skeleton in most species
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Cartilage
- Gristle type tissue. Discs between vertebrae, ear, joint surface
- Stifle Joint
- Formed by the articulation of the femur, patella and tibia
- Ossification
- Process by which bone forms in body
- Chestnut
- Remnant of MC-1 forms this on the medial side of the leg in equines
- Jaundice
- Liver can't excrete bile, get rid of bilirubin, skin and whites of eyes are yellow
- Organ
- Groups of tissues that work together
- Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in birds, aka the wishbone
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- Yellow Marrow
- Fatty marrow that can become active
- Frontalis
- forehead muscle (Raises eyebrow andfacial expressions)
- Triceps brachii - Action
- All heads- extension of the elbow, Long head- extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of muscles
- Tissue
- Specialized groups of cells with the same function
- Shoulder
- Joint with greatest range of motion
- Abduction
- Moving bones or limb away from the midline
- Biceps
- Flexes the elbow and extends the shoulder
- Endosteum
- Inner layer of the compact an cancellous bone
- Extensor digiti minimi - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Tuber coxae
- Lateral most projection, hook bone
- Type I Muscle Fiber
- Slow twitch; built for endurance; red
- Gluteals
- "Rump muscles" extend hip, and abduct limb ORIGIN: Ilium INSERTION: Greater Trochanter of the femur
- C-7/ T-13/ L-7/ S-3
- Numbers of vertebrae in the dog and cat
- Cranium
- Surrounds the brain
- Adipose
- Fat storage. White in most animals. Yellow in Gurnsey cattle and horses. Brown in newborns
- Compound Fracture
- Open - bone pierces the skin
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- Cervical Vertebrae - 1st
- Atlas - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- Articular Cavity
- Space between bones
- Soleus
- Fibula, tibia, calcaneal tendon onto calcaneus, plantarflexes foot
- Fibularis Longus
- Fibula, first metatarsal, plantar flexion
- Superficial
- Near the surface of the body
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- Sacroiliac Joint
- Where the two halves of the pelvis articulate dorsally
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Platysmus
- Neck muscle, helps frown
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Action
- Extension of the wrist, adduction of the wrist together with the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, weak extension of the elbow
- Golgi Tendon Organ
- Located in the tendon, both at muscle origin and insertion; detect changes in tendon tension
- Meniscus
- Inside the joint. Cartilage plates which help make the ends of the bones fit together better, can get torn
- Deep
- Near the center of the body
- Flexion
- To bend a joint
- Abdomino-Pelvic
- Surrounds all the organs in the 'belly,' intestine, uterus, kidneys etc...
- internal oblique
- o: illiac crest; i: last 3 ribs; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- Metatarsal Bones
- Similar to metacarpal bones. Foot bones
- Ewings
- Malignant bone tumor
- Phalanges
- Ruminants walk on their finger tips, each 'finger' has p-1, p-2, and p-3/ p-3 has hoof attached to it
- Vertebral arch
- is posterior
- Pectoralis Major
- Chest muscle that causes shoulder flexion, adduction and horizontal adduction
- Origin
- end is attached to the relatively less movable bone (proximal)
- flexor carpi
- flexion at the wrist
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Atrophy
- Muscle shrinkage, decrease in size of muscles
- Foramen magmum
- Large opening in the occipital bone
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Patellar Ligaments
- Really a tendon, Important to keep patella riding in the patellar groove
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Have no joint cavity, Bones held together by cartilage. Examples are growth plates, disks between vertebrae and the pelvic symphysis
- striated muscle
- another name for skeletal muscle
- Rectus Femoris
- Ilium, patella, tibia, extends knee, flexes thigh
- three types of muscles
- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, caridac muscle
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- Carotene
- has a yellow-orange color and is primarily found in the palms and the soles
- Linea Alba
- The sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects the abdominal muscles from each side on the ventral midline
- Deltoid
- Shoulder muscle that causes shoulder abduction
- latissimus dorsi
- back
- Cancellous
- Spongy, light weight found near ends of bone for shock absorption
- Burns
- First degree (surface), second degree (epidermis, maybe upper part of dermis), third degree (subcutaneous, if extensive may need grafting)
- Muscle Fibers
- Actin and Myosin
- Kyphosis
- exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hunchback)
- Soleus
- Action: Planter flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- Nasal Septum
- Divides the nasal cavity in half
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- Extensor pollicis longus - Action
- Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, Extension of the wrist, Abduction of the wrist, Weak supination of the forearm from a pronated position
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Soleus
- Innervation: Sciatic Nerve, tibial branch
- Short
- More 'square' shock absorbers, wrist and ankle bones
- Pectoralis major
- abducts humerus
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- Myofibril
- A series of sarcomeres; several are contained within one muscle fiber
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf muscle that causes plantaflexion e.g. jumping
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Calcaneus
- Fibular tarsal bone (most important), heel bone/hock, large projection caudally, the achilles tendon attaches to it
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by bone, and are trapped
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Back muscle that causes shoulder extension, adduction, horizontal abduction and horizontal abduction
- Sternomastoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, mastoid process, singly, rotates head to opposite shoulder, together, flexes head
- Thoracic
- Surrounds the heart and lungs
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Coccygeal
- Vertebrae of the tail. Variable number
- Comminuted Fracture
- fracture lines are multiple and the bone is splintered and crushed
- Soleus
- Origin: head and proximal fibula, posteromedial tibia
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- White Marrow
- Hard fatty marrow, cannot become active
- vastus intermedius
- O: anterolateral surface of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- Tendon
- Strong dense tissue that connects muscle to bone
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- tibialis posterior
- Innervation: Sciatic nerve, tibial branch
- Plantaris
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
- In contact with dermis, stem cells; mitosis, replace more superficial cells. Keratinocytes and melanocytes (produce keratine and menanin)
- Atrophy
- Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation
- Diaphysis
- Shaft of the bone
- Biceps Femoris
- Ischium and femur, tibia, fibula, extends thigh and flexes lower leg
- Simple Fracture
- Closed - Fracture does not pierce through the skin
- Abrasion
- Scrape or surface damage, stratum basale cells migrate, mitosis
- Sprain
- Tearing or overstretching of a ligament. Ligaments attach bone to bone.
- Neoplasms (tumors)
- Benign or malignant
- Lordosis
- Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine (hollowback)
- Axis
- C-2, has large, broad dorsal spinous projections and cranial projection that fits into C-1
- Carpal Bones
- Wrist bones. Front 'knee' of horse and other large animals. 6-8 short bones in 2 rows
- Pectoral
- Chest muscles-adduct the thoracic limbs
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Intercalated Discs
- Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
- The Cell
- The basic unit of living things
- Flat
- Protection, skull bones and ribs
- muscles
- bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers
- Long Bones
- Humerous, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Fibula and Tibia
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Peroneus brevis
- Action: Everts and plantar flexes foot
- Gastrocnemius
- Enables one to stand on tip toes & is enlarged in dancers (calf of leg)
- Femur
- Long bone. Head articulates with the acetabulum. Distally it articulates with the patella.
- Flexor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (palmer surface)
- Melanin
- only melanin is made in the skin. Melanin can be gradated into many different shades. It is this ability of Melanin that gives different races different skin coloration. A special type of cells known as melanocytes produces melanin, Melanocytes are primarily found in the stratum germinativum. Whenever the skin has had an exposure to sunlight, the stratum germinativum cells, phagocytize or eat the skin pigment melanin. After an amount of time, melanin accumulates within the stratum germinativum cells, and tends to form a protective pigment "umbrella". These "umbrellas of melanin pigment shields DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation
- Nasal Bones
- Dorsal bones of face-form roof of nasal cavity
- True Ribs
- Articulate with the sternum on their own
- Abduct
- To move a limb away from the body
- Ruminants
- MT 3 and MT 4 are fused like in the front leg
- Supination
- moving bones so radius and ulna are parallel
- Tibialis posterior
- Action: Plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts food
- Rotation
- Moving the bone around in a central axis
- Maxilla
- Forms most of the upper jaw, and part of the hard palate, contains upper molars, premolars, and canines
- Tibia
- Shin bone. On medial side of the leg. Bears most of the weight
- Greater Trochanter
- Large knob on the proximal end of the femur for muscle attachments
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Action
- Extension of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation to neutral from a fully supinated position
- Ergot
- Remnant of MC-5 forms this on the palmar surface of the lower leg in equines
- Insertion
- Distal. The more movable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- Fixator
- Muscles that stabilize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively
- Ventral
- Towards the belly
- Paresis
- Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
- Coracobrachialis
- Origin: coracoid process of the scapula; Insertion: medial shaft of the humerus at about its middle; Action: flexes the humerus,assists to adduct the humerus; Blood: muscular branches of the brachial artery;Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6,(C7)
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Insertion
- Base of the second metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- hamstrings
- back of thigh
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- Triceps brachii - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Palmar
- Caudal surface of front legs from wrist to toes
- Lesion
- Wounded or damaged area
- gluteus maximus
- O: dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx; I: gluteal tuberosity
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- Extensor digiti minimi - Insertion
- Base of the middle and distal phalanxes of the fifth phalange (dorsal surface)
- Layers of the epidermis
- Bottom to top: Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
- Splint Bones
- MC-2 and MC-4 form these in equines. They are attached to the cannon bone by ligaments that can get inflamed and swell up to make blemishes
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- Thin Filaments
- Actin proteins
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Phalanges
- Equines walk on their middle finger, which has P-1, P-2 and P-3, P-3 has the hoof attached to it
- Vertebrae
- 3 main parts, body, and arch- 2 halves. All of them lined up end to end form the vertebral canal
- Deep wound healing (injury beyond stratum basale)
- Inflammatory phase (blood clot forms), migratory phase (cells migrate), proliferative phase (continues), maturation phase (scab falls off)
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- buccinator
- o: maxilla and mandible; i: orbicularis oris; holds food in mouth, sucks in cheeks
- External oblique
- broad, thin muscle that cover superior abdomen
- Triceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula, Lateral head- upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus, Medial head- distal two-thirds of the posterior surface of the humerus
- Nervous
- Conducts never signals; found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
- rectus abdominis
- straight (rectus) abdominal muscle
- Applied
- Use knowledge of anatomy to help in diagnosis/treatment
- Sacromere
- Basic contracting unit of muscle cell consits of actin and myosin filaments between z-lines in a muscle cell
- Transverse Abdominis
- Ilium, Linea alba and pubic crest, compresses abdominal wall
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Middle two-fourths of the posterior border of the ulna
- brachioradialis
- Origin: long head- supraglenoid tubercle and glenohumeral labrum & short head- tip of the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity &bicipital aponeurosis Action: flexes the forearm at the elbow (when supinated) & supinates forearm from neutral & stabilizes anterior aspect of shoulder & flexes shoulder (weak if at all) Blood: muscular branches of brachial artery Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6
- Cloven Hoofed
- 2 toed animal
- Gastrocnemius
- planter flextion of the foot, between knee and ankle
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- Orbicularis oculi
- muscle that allows winking, blinking
- Actin
- Protein that composes microfilaments. Found in cytoskeleton myofibrils of muscle fiber, spindle fibers during cell division
- pectoralis major
- o:sternum, clavicle, 1-6 ribs ; i: proximal humerous ; adducts and flexes humerus
- Degenerative Joint Disease
- DJD- another name for arthritis, secondary to structural deformities that cause abnormal articulation of bones
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Muscle Spindle
- Lie parallel to the muscle fibers; detect changes in muscle length and speed
- Cardiac
- Striated, involuntary muscle found exclusively on the heart
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- Ringworm
- fungus
- Glands in integumentary system
- In the dermis, all are exocrine. Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum that softens and lubricates skin and hair. Sudoriferous (sweat glands) control temperature, excretes some waste materials (eccrine glands are all over, apocrine glands (in axillary, pubic and nipple regions), mammary glands, ceruminous glands (produce cerumen or earwax)
- Haversian Canals
- Channels in bone which contain the bone's blood vessels
- Concentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by shortening
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- digastric
- opens jaw
- platysma
- o: connective tissue covering chest muscles; i: tissue around mouth; pulls corner of mouth down
- Dogs & Cats
- MT 2-5, MT 1 is usually absent unless a dewclaw is present
- Biceps Femoris
- flex the knee
- Olecranon
- Proximal part of ulna. Point of elbow. Funny bone. Has anconeal process that fits into the olecranon fossa
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Origin
- Lower third of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and lateral epicondyle of the humeral
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Stay Apparatus
- In horses, allows for them to sleep standing up, locks leg in place, due to three patellar ligaments
- Epiphyseal Line
- No more growth
- Thermoregulation
- Negative feedback, thermoreceptors to brain, temperature control center sends message to effectors
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Extensor digitorum - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Phalanx
- 3 bones in each digit (except digit 1), known as P-1, P-2, P-3, or proximal, middle and distal. P-3 has the nail attached to it
- C-7/T-13/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the cow
- Occipital Bones
- Back of head. Caudal bone of skull, articulates with atlas, Has large opening that allows the spinal cord to leave the brain to enter the spinal canal
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- involuntary muscles-d
- under the control of the subconscious regions of the brain
- Osteology
- The study of bones
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- Drawer Sign
- Bend leg slightly, move femur and tibia in opposite directions to see if there is looseness, Tested if suspected torn cruciate ligament, + means that there is a problem and animal needs surgery
- Semitendinosus
- Lateral portion of the hamstring
- Cold thermoregulation
- Shiver (ATP produces heat): shivering thermogenesis. Blood moves deeper. Arrector pili raised (goose bumps) smooth muscle
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Semimembranosus
- Medial portion of the hamstring
- Semitendinosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- trapezius
- upper back
- Tuber Ischii
- Caudal prominence of the Ishium
- Abductor pollicis longus - Action
- Abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Abduction of the wrist, Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Weak supination of the forearm from a pronated position, Weak flexion of the wrist joint
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Tarsus
- Hock joint or ankle. Cuboidal bones similar to wrist bones. Usually 7 bones.
- Temporal Bones
- Make up sides of head, has three sections
- Tibialis posterior
- Insertion: Tarsals and metatarsal 2-4
- Transverse Process
- Project laterally
- Coffin Bone
- The name of P-3 in large animals
- Type II B Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; built for power; white
- Tetraplegia
- Paralysis of the trunk and LE's and some or all of the UE's
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs, including the skin, mouth, esophagus, prostate, lungs, and cervix. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium that shows squamous cell differentiation.
- Flat Bones
- Cranial, sternum, ribs and scapula
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Dorsal
- Towards the back
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Biceps brachii - Innervation
- musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
- Medullary Cavity
- Hollow Center / Children - red bone marrow / adult - yellow bone marrow (fat)
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae, Malleus, incus, stapes
- Exostosis
- Benign bone tumor
- Sphincter
- Circular muscles around an opening
- Pronation
- Moving bones so radius and ulna are NOT parallel
- Active Tension
- Tension due to muscle contraction
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- Tendon Sheath
- Elongated bursa. Surrounds a tendon, Found along long tendons in bone
- Tensor Fascia Latae
- Ilium, Iliotibial tract, Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- intercostals muscles
- o: bottom half of ribs ; i: top half of ribs ; raise and depress ribcage for breathing
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- Functions of integumentary system
- Thermoregulation, protection (physical and immune), sensory (in dermis and hypodermis), excretion (sensible and insensible), storage (nutrients, esp. adipose), blood reservoir (10% of vessels), synthesis (vitamin d3 and melanin), absorption (gases, UV light, water, vitamins)
- Hemoglobin
- gives fair-skinned people a pink hue to their skin due to the lack of melanin in the epidermis, which makes it almost transparent
- Semimembranosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- Microscopic
- Need a microscope to see it
- Chondroclasts
- Cells that beak down cartilage
- Acne
- Blocked sebaceous glands
- Hamstrings
- Posterior thigh muscle that causes knee flexion
- frontalis
- o: cranial aponeurosis; i: skin of eyebrows; raises brows
- rectus femoris
- O: anterior inferior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity
- Extension
- To straighten a joint
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Pronator teres - Origin
- Distal part of the medial condyloid ridge of the humerus and medial side of the proximal ulna
- Gluteus Medius
- Ilium, femur, Abduction and medial rotation of thigh
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Stratum granulosum
- Granular, 3-5 layers, flattened; accumulating proteins especially carotene
- semimembranosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
- Ishium
- Most caudal of the three bones. Caudal prominence is called the tuber ischii.
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- Incisive Bone
- Most rostral bone of upper jaw-contains upper incisors and forms part of the hard palate
- rectus abdominis
- o: pubis; i: sternum ; flexes vertebral column
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- Process
- Projections from the vertebrae
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Membrane Bone
- Made as fibrous membrane templates are calcified in the fetus (skull bones-fontanel)
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Humerus
- Upper arm bone, long bone, 2 ends with shaft in middle
- Wart
- virus
- Thick Filaments
- Myosin proteins
- Acromion
- Knob at end of scapula. Can feel in large animals, help guide injections
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Marrow
- Fills up the center of most living bones, where blood cells are made
- Characteristics of Epidermis
- Stratified squamous epithelium, outermost layers dead, most have 4 layers but soles of feet and palms of hands have 5, avascular (no blood vessels)
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- external oblique
- o: lower 8 ribs; i: illiac crest; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Innervation
- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
- Fetlock Bone
- The name of P-1 in large animals
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Palmaris longus - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- tendon
- the strong connective tissue cords that attach skeletal muscles to bones
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- Sternum
- Makes up the floor of the chest (ventral) Made of individual sternebrae, that have cartilage between them. Eventually all fuse together with age, typically 7 or 8 found in common species
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- Brachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve and sometimes branches from radial and median nerves (C5, C6)
- Brachialis - Origin
- Distal half of the anterior shaft of the humerus
- Stratum lucidum
- only in soles or palms, 3-5 layers, clear with no nuclei, flat and dead
- Triceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow extension
- Trapezius
- shoulder muscle that moves scapula
- Hypodermis
- It is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are Fibroblasts, Adipose Cells, and Macrophages
- Paralysis
- Complete loss of muscle function
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Ulnar head- medial coronoid process, Radial head- upper two-thirds of anterior border of radius just distal to the radial tuberosity
- Osseous
- Bone Tissue
- Olecranon Fossa
- On caudal surface of distal humerus. Depression where anconeal process of olecranon locks when elbow is locked in extended position
- Cyanosis
- blue, the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- biceps
- arm
- Synovial Joints
- The classic joints, (stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).
- sternocleidomastoid
- stern/o (sternum), cleid/o (clavicle), single insertion (mastoid process)
- Decubitis (pressure) ulcer
- Bedsore
- Supinator - Action
- Supination of the forearm
- gastrocnemius
- O: 2 heads: medial and lateral epicondyle of fibula; I: calcaneal tuberosity
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- Cervical
- Vertebrae of the neck, most cranial
- Gastrocnemius
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- myoneural junction
- point of which the motor nerve contacts a muscle fiber
- Zygomaticus
- smiling muscle
- Adduction
- Moving bones or limb toward the midline
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- peroneus brevis
- O: lateral shaft of fibula; I: 5th metatarsal tendon
- Rectus abdominis
- flexes veribral column, runs down medial stmoach
- Adduct
- To move a limb back towards the body
- Anatomy
- The study of structure of organisms
- deltoids
- shoulder
- Erythema
- Reddening of skin
- Extensor digiti minimi - Action
- Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint, Weak wrist extension, Weak elbow extension
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- Cribriform Plate
- Has openings called ethmoid foramina, part of the ethmoid bones
- Atlas
- C-1, Has large transverse processes called wings and no dorsal process... articulates with the skull
- Biceps brachii - Insertion
- Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Area of long bone where growth occurs
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpal 3 forms this in equines
- Impetigo
- infection caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- Palmaris longus - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Lumbar
- Vertebrae of the small of the back. Have large transverse process, may be flexible in some species (dog and cat) or stiff (cow)
- Extensor digitorum - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Sesamoids
- Extra bones which are located in tendons on the caudal surface of the limb to give them extra leverage and strength
- Pronate
- Turning appendage down (toward ground)
- Adductor
- Move the limb towards the body
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Petrous Temporal Bone
- Contains the inner ear
- extensor carpi
- extension at the wrist
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Sagittal Plane
- Slices that are parallel to the median plane
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- Triceps
- Extends elbow, ORIGIN: scapula/humerus INSERTION: Olecranon of ulna
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- Irregular Bone Characteristics
- Protective
- Endogenous Infection
- Caused by a navel infection, occurs in young animals
- Vastus Intermedius
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- Spinous Process
- Dorsal or ventral projections
- Osteogenesis
- Bone formation
- Vastus Medialis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- Supinator - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6)
- myocardium
- cardiac muscle