History Exam Review
Terms
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- Parliament
- Great Britain's law making body
- Knight
- a man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier
- Moors
- muslims who occupied Spain
- Thomas Becket
- The archbishop of Cantebury- Obeyed God, not Henry. He was murdered by knights because they thought they were doing it as orders of the king.
- Posthumous
- an award given to someone after their death
- Limited Monarchy
- a monarchy in which the king has limited power under the Magna Carta
- Cathedral
- A large or important Christian Chruch
- Scholasticism
- the attempt of medieval philosophers to reconcile Christian faith with Aristotle's philosophy
- Saracens
- a nomadic group of Muslims from Sysria and Arabia during the Crusades
- Romanesque
- thick walls, little windows, square building, domes, arches
- Fjord
- a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea located between steep cliffs
- Absolute Monarchy
- a monarchy in which the king has total contol and power
- Oaf
- a stupid person; a big, clumsy,slow individual
- Christiandom
- when the Pope and the Catholic religion had worldly power
- Bloody Mary
- Wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
- Edward VI
- Was King of England at the age of nine; was very sickly; and died young
- Anne of Cleves
- King Henry VIII's forth wife, was an arranged marriage for political reasons (she was a German princess) and was divorced for her deeply dissappointing physical appearance as soon as he saw her.
- Trial by Ordeal
- a method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests, believed to be under divine control
- Noble
- the highest class; often fought as knights
- Paris
- 2nd university was located here
- Celts
- were farmers and hunters, had strong loyalty to their cheiftan
- Clergy
- a paid member of the church
- Catherine of Aragon
- Spanish wife of Henry VIII gave birth to Mary Tudor
- Grand Jury
- the Jury that decided who goes to court
- Anne Boleyn
- Henry's second wife; the mother of Elizabeth; she was beheaded after she was said to commiting adultery
- Crusader
- someone who fought on the Crusades
- Guild
- a system of craftspeople set up to control prices and quality of goods
- University
- Universities were created to educate and train scholars. They were like the gulds that trained craftspeople. University comes from a Latin word for "guild". In medieval universities, students studied grammar, logic, math, geometry, music and astonomy
- Infidels
- non-christians
- Anglo-Saxons
- a group of Germanic people who occupied England
- Representative Monarchy
- when the Monarch of the time had to get permission from the Parlaiment to pass a law
- Excommunication
- the act of banishing someone from the church
- Mayor of the Palace
- someone who oversaw what the king did. He took care of the day to day affairs of the king.
- Bologna
- 1st university was located here
- Fief
- Land owned by a lord given to a vassal in return for a service
- Serf
- a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
- Pepin
- Helped the pope run the Lombards out of Rome and gave the conquered land back to the church; That land is know as Papal State.
- Richard I
- A leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him.
- Ferdinand of Aragon
- Spanish king, married Isabella of Castile, started the Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition
- Treason
- a crime against the government
- Friar
- a member of a religious order that went and preached to the people
- Feudalism
- a system of loyalties in exchange for land and protection
- Reconquista
- "re-conquest" set up by Isabella and Ferdinand to get all of the Muslims and Jews out of Spain
- Elizabeth I
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated, favorite playwright was William Shakespere
- Stained Glass
- glass that has been painted to tell a story because people could not read
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- monk supporting the second crusade
- Bubonic Plague
- 1/3 of all Europe's population died, spread by rats, brought by sailors, work shortage, wages for skilled laborers soared.
- Peasant
- the lowest class
- Spain
- Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille to unite country. Start the Reconquista which gets rid of all the Muslims and Jews; sends Spain into the Dark Ages
- Pope Urban II
- Called for the First Crusade.
- Louis VII
- King of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180)
- Vernacular
- the everyday speech of the people
- Joan of Arc
- French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
- William I
- He defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England.
- Theology
- The study of God and religious truths
- Heresy
- a crime against the church
- Trial by Combat
- nobels would fight their best men and the winner is innocent and loser is guilty
- Anti-Semitism
- Discrimmination/hatred against Jews
- Magna Carta
- the document king John signed; change monarchy to a Limited Monarchy
- Dominic de Guzman
- Cistercian monk that promoted the Second Crusade; started the Dominician Order
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII, marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England.
- Master
- the top of the guild system; has to create a masterpiece
- Page
- in medieval times a youth acting as a knight's attendant as the first stage in training for knighthood
- Harold I
- King defeated at the Battle of Hastings
- Thomas Aquinas
- Combined logic, religion, and the teachings of Aristotle
- James I
- King of Scotland (James VI) as well as England; Son of Mary Queen of Scots; Allowed Catholic and Anglican; believed in Divine Rule, translated bible into English; he was king when the pilgrims left for America
- Dec 25, 800 A.D.
- the day Charles Martel was crowned Holy Roman Emporer
- Oath of Fealty
- Fealty was sworn between two people, the lower ranked person, and a person of high status. This was done as part of a formal commendation ceremony to become a knight
- Census
- a population count for tax purposes
- Flying Buttress
- a support beam for a Gothic cathedral
- Spanish Inquisition
- The trial for heresy/treason during the Reconquista
- Saladin
- Signed the peace treaty with Richard
- Troubador
- A poet or musician who traveled around and entertained people with songs about chivalry and courtly love.
- Lady Jane Grey
- Became Queen at age 16. Was the sucessor of Edward the 6th. Ruled 9 days before being beheaded by Mary the 1st. Called the "Nine Day Queen". She was chosen because Edward wanted an Anglican heir.
- Gothic
- thin walls, many windows, flying buttresses, spires
- Journeyman
- skilled worker employed by a master
- Illumination
- the decoration of the first letter on a page
- Merchant
- a salesperson
- Jutland Peninsula
- Sweden, Denmark, Norway
- Poach
- to hunt/kill game illegally on someone elses property
- Seljuk Turks
- nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly
- 100 year war
- Between France and England; England wins
- Concordant of Worms
- agreement between Pope and the king that said that the Pope appoints church officials, and the Emporer appoints his officials
- Francis of Assisi
- Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.
- John I
- Was disliked because of his demands for higher taxes causing barons to rebel forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1255
- Jane Seymour
- King Henry VIII's third wife, mother of first, last, and only son Edward VI. She died during chidbirth.
- Code of Chivalry
- a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior
- Clovis
- a leader of the Franks, who conquered the Roman province of Gaul, and later established a large and powerful Frankish kingdom
- Squire
- a knight in training; assisted an existing knight
- Charles Martel
- the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages.
- Catherine Parr
- Widow who was in love with Jane Seymour's brother, she married Henry out of duty for her country, she was a good friend to Henry and his children
- Hildegard von Bingden
- "Sybil of the Rhine" had visions, advised the pope and other leaders
- Domesday Book
- the first census was recorded by William I in this book
- Apprentice
- An unpaid person training in a craft or trade.
- Plunder
- to take goods or money illegally
- Isabella of Castile
- (1474-1504) married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, led the Reconquista and began Inquisition with her husband