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History Exam Review

Terms

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Parliament
Great Britain's law making body
Knight
a man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier
Moors
muslims who occupied Spain
Thomas Becket
The archbishop of Cantebury- Obeyed God, not Henry. He was murdered by knights because they thought they were doing it as orders of the king.
Posthumous
an award given to someone after their death
Limited Monarchy
a monarchy in which the king has limited power under the Magna Carta
Cathedral
A large or important Christian Chruch
Scholasticism
the attempt of medieval philosophers to reconcile Christian faith with Aristotle's philosophy
Saracens
a nomadic group of Muslims from Sysria and Arabia during the Crusades
Romanesque
thick walls, little windows, square building, domes, arches
Fjord
a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea located between steep cliffs
Absolute Monarchy
a monarchy in which the king has total contol and power
Oaf
a stupid person; a big, clumsy,slow individual
Christiandom
when the Pope and the Catholic religion had worldly power
Bloody Mary
Wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
Edward VI
Was King of England at the age of nine; was very sickly; and died young
Anne of Cleves
King Henry VIII's forth wife, was an arranged marriage for political reasons (she was a German princess) and was divorced for her deeply dissappointing physical appearance as soon as he saw her.
Trial by Ordeal
a method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests, believed to be under divine control
Noble
the highest class; often fought as knights
Paris
2nd university was located here
Celts
were farmers and hunters, had strong loyalty to their cheiftan
Clergy
a paid member of the church
Catherine of Aragon
Spanish wife of Henry VIII gave birth to Mary Tudor
Grand Jury
the Jury that decided who goes to court
Anne Boleyn
Henry's second wife; the mother of Elizabeth; she was beheaded after she was said to commiting adultery
Crusader
someone who fought on the Crusades
Guild
a system of craftspeople set up to control prices and quality of goods
University
Universities were created to educate and train scholars. They were like the gulds that trained craftspeople. University comes from a Latin word for "guild". In medieval universities, students studied grammar, logic, math, geometry, music and astonomy
Infidels
non-christians
Anglo-Saxons
a group of Germanic people who occupied England
Representative Monarchy
when the Monarch of the time had to get permission from the Parlaiment to pass a law
Excommunication
the act of banishing someone from the church
Mayor of the Palace
someone who oversaw what the king did. He took care of the day to day affairs of the king.
Bologna
1st university was located here
Fief
Land owned by a lord given to a vassal in return for a service
Serf
a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
Pepin
Helped the pope run the Lombards out of Rome and gave the conquered land back to the church; That land is know as Papal State.
Richard I
A leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him.
Ferdinand of Aragon
Spanish king, married Isabella of Castile, started the Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition
Treason
a crime against the government
Friar
a member of a religious order that went and preached to the people
Feudalism
a system of loyalties in exchange for land and protection
Reconquista
"re-conquest" set up by Isabella and Ferdinand to get all of the Muslims and Jews out of Spain
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated, favorite playwright was William Shakespere
Stained Glass
glass that has been painted to tell a story because people could not read
Bernard of Clairvaux
monk supporting the second crusade
Bubonic Plague
1/3 of all Europe's population died, spread by rats, brought by sailors, work shortage, wages for skilled laborers soared.
Peasant
the lowest class
Spain
Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille to unite country. Start the Reconquista which gets rid of all the Muslims and Jews; sends Spain into the Dark Ages
Pope Urban II
Called for the First Crusade.
Louis VII
King of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180)
Vernacular
the everyday speech of the people
Joan of Arc
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
William I
He defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England.
Theology
The study of God and religious truths
Heresy
a crime against the church
Trial by Combat
nobels would fight their best men and the winner is innocent and loser is guilty
Anti-Semitism
Discrimmination/hatred against Jews
Magna Carta
the document king John signed; change monarchy to a Limited Monarchy
Dominic de Guzman
Cistercian monk that promoted the Second Crusade; started the Dominician Order
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII, marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England.
Master
the top of the guild system; has to create a masterpiece
Page
in medieval times a youth acting as a knight's attendant as the first stage in training for knighthood
Harold I
King defeated at the Battle of Hastings
Thomas Aquinas
Combined logic, religion, and the teachings of Aristotle
James I
King of Scotland (James VI) as well as England; Son of Mary Queen of Scots; Allowed Catholic and Anglican; believed in Divine Rule, translated bible into English; he was king when the pilgrims left for America
Dec 25, 800 A.D.
the day Charles Martel was crowned Holy Roman Emporer
Oath of Fealty
Fealty was sworn between two people, the lower ranked person, and a person of high status. This was done as part of a formal commendation ceremony to become a knight
Census
a population count for tax purposes
Flying Buttress
a support beam for a Gothic cathedral
Spanish Inquisition
The trial for heresy/treason during the Reconquista
Saladin
Signed the peace treaty with Richard
Troubador
A poet or musician who traveled around and entertained people with songs about chivalry and courtly love.
Lady Jane Grey
Became Queen at age 16. Was the sucessor of Edward the 6th. Ruled 9 days before being beheaded by Mary the 1st. Called the "Nine Day Queen". She was chosen because Edward wanted an Anglican heir.
Gothic
thin walls, many windows, flying buttresses, spires
Journeyman
skilled worker employed by a master
Illumination
the decoration of the first letter on a page
Merchant
a salesperson
Jutland Peninsula
Sweden, Denmark, Norway
Poach
to hunt/kill game illegally on someone elses property
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly
100 year war
Between France and England; England wins
Concordant of Worms
agreement between Pope and the king that said that the Pope appoints church officials, and the Emporer appoints his officials
Francis of Assisi
Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.
John I
Was disliked because of his demands for higher taxes causing barons to rebel forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1255
Jane Seymour
King Henry VIII's third wife, mother of first, last, and only son Edward VI. She died during chidbirth.
Code of Chivalry
a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior
Clovis
a leader of the Franks, who conquered the Roman province of Gaul, and later established a large and powerful Frankish kingdom
Squire
a knight in training; assisted an existing knight
Charles Martel
the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages.
Catherine Parr
Widow who was in love with Jane Seymour's brother, she married Henry out of duty for her country, she was a good friend to Henry and his children
Hildegard von Bingden
"Sybil of the Rhine" had visions, advised the pope and other leaders
Domesday Book
the first census was recorded by William I in this book
Apprentice
An unpaid person training in a craft or trade.
Plunder
to take goods or money illegally
Isabella of Castile
(1474-1504) married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, led the Reconquista and began Inquisition with her husband

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