KI 7
Terms
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copy deck
- An instrument to measure the reflection of solution
- refractometer
- Science of seeing small things
- microscopy
- Total magnification on a microscope =
- Ocular X Objective
- When viewed through a compound light microscope, an object appears _____ and ____.
- upside down, reversed
- The purpose of the condenser is to ______
- focus light from the light source on the object
- A ______ controlled by a rheostat controls the intensity of the light entering the condenser.
- transformer
- A ______ is used to focus the light entering the condenser.
- field diaphragm
- If a parasite resides on the surface of its host, it is termed an _____
- Ectoparasite
- Collection methods of ectoparasite
- Skin Scraping, Cellophane tape
- Hosts that harbors sexually mature adults, mate, reproduce eggs in the host
- Definitive host
- Harbors juvenile, asexual, or immature parasites
- Intermediate host
- You are not required, but you may pick up the parasites.
- Accidental host
- Parasites cannot survive without ____ host and ______ host.
- definitive, intermediate
- Different body forms. ex. butterfly
- Metamorphosis
- Adult differs from immatures. ex. flies, fleas
- Complete
- Fly larvae =
- maggots
- Fly’s cocoon =
- pupae
- Adult similar to immature. ex. lice
- Incomplete
- just barely in the skin
- Infestation
- internal parasites
- Endoparasites
- Linnaean classification scheme in order
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti)
- Domestic dog's kingdom & phylum
- Animalia, Chordata
- Domestic dog's class & order
- Mammalia, Carnivora
- Domestic dog's family, genus and species
- Canidae, Canis, Familiaris
- Insect's kindgom
- animalia
- Insect's phylum
- & class
- phylum name for animals with legs with joints, has chitin, exoskeltal
- arthropoda
- Class insecta's major characteristic
- 3 distinct body divisions (head, thorax, abdomen), 6 legs
- 6 orders of class Insecta
- Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Diptera, Siphonaptera
- Ex of Hymenoptera
- ants, bees, wasps
- Ex of Hemiptera
- true bugs
- Ex of Diptera
- flies, mosquitoes
- Ex of Siphonaptera
- fleas
- Lice affects _______
- all mammals
- Lice is flattened in
- Dorsoventral (DV)
- Lice eggs =
- nit
- Class name of tick & mites
- Arachnida
- Major characteristics of Arachnida
- 8 legs, 2 body parts
- infestation with lice, mostly in large animals
- Pediculosis
- The majority of ectoparasites are either _____ or ______.
- insects, arachnids
- 4x objective is called _______
- scanning
- 10x objective is called _______
- low-power
- All adult _____ have jointed legs
- Arthropod
- The phylum name and the common name of ectoparasites that reside within the skin
- Nematoda, roundworms
- Every living thing is known aby a scientific name that is made up of 2 components: ______ and the ______.
- genus, specific epithet (species)
- Plural of genus
- genera
- Order Hymenoptera belongs to the class _____ and examples are:
- insecta, ants, bees, wasps
- Dx of hymenoptera
- Sealed container collection in 10% formalin or ethyl alcohol and submission to an entomologist for ID
- 2 groups of hemipterans
- Reduviid bugs (kissing bugs), bed bugs
- Kissing bugs serve as intermediate hosts for _________, a protozoan parasite that can produce a reare disease in people & dogs called Chagas' disease.
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- _______ are dorsoventrally flattened, wingless hemipterans that often infest homes.
- Bed bugs
- Dx of Hemiptera
- Sealed container collection in 10% formalin or ethyl alcohol and submission to an entomologist for ID
- 2 orders of lice
- Mallophaga, Anoplura
- Chewing or biting lice
- Mallophaga
- Sucking lice
- Anoplura
- Members of the order _______ are smaller than sucking lice.
- Mallophaga
- Lice with big head and legs built for mobility to hide. Chews skin debris. Lap up blood that ooze out. Found in bird feathers.
- Mallophaga
- Larger lice with claws to cling to the host's hairs. Penetrate through skin to suck. After sucking blood, it looks darker.
- Anoplura
- Lice not found in birds.
- Anoplura
- Life cycle of Orders Mallophaga and Anoplura
- egg, nymphal, adult
- ______ is tiny oval, white, and usually found cemented to the hair or feather shaft.
- nit
- Nits hatch about ________ days after being laid by the adult female louse.
- 5-14
- The ______ stage of lice is similar in appearance to the adult, but it is smaller and lacks functioning reproductive organs and genital openings.
- nymphal
- It takes _______ to complete the lice life cycle
- 3-4 weeks
- Lice usually are transmitted by ______, but all life stages may be transmitted by ___.
- direct contact, fomites
- Infestation by Mallophagan or Anopluran is referred to as ________
- pediculosis
- Sucking lice can cause _____ and fatalities can occur.
- anemia
- The PCV in pediculosis can __________
- drop as much as 10% to 20%.
- Dx of lice
- Examination of the haircoat or feathers to find lice & nits with magnifying lens to collect. Observe using mineral oil on a microsope slide. ID by visual examination of head size.
- Intermediate host for the canine heartworm
- mosquitoes
- Fleas are ____ compressed insects with powerful ______.
- laterally, hind legs
- Cat flea
- Ctenocephalides felis
- Dog flea
- Ctenocephalides canis
- __________ is aka "stick-tight flea" of poultry.
- Echidnophaga gallinacea
- ___ fleas have abrupt flat nose
- echidnophaga gallinacea
- Human flea
- Pulex irritans
- ______ resemble tiny pearls, non-sticky, white, oval and rounded at both ends
- Flea eggs
- _____ spin a sticky, silky cocoon that often becomes covered with environmental debris. This is the ____ stage.
- Flea larvae, pupal
- Flea causes:
-
pritus
Self trauma
allergic dermatitis
Anemia
Tapeworm
Plague
Rickettsia - Dx of Ctenocephalides canis
- Examination of skin for adult fleas and "flea dirt", dermatitis
- The protrusion on the head of felas
- comb
- Diff between lice & fleas
- Fleas have more agile legs
- Similarities between lice & fleas
- Both have no wings and have parasitic mouthparts
- Flea life cycle
-
Eggs
Larvae
Pupa (sometime)
Young adult - _____ eats flea dirt
- Flea larvae
- Flea egg is _______ in size and hatches in ________.
-
0.5 mm
1-6 days - naked eye can see things as small as ______
- 0.2 mm
- Maggot's size is ______ and this stage lasts about _______
-
1-5 mm
5-11 days - _____ spins a cocoon to metamorphis, outside is very sticky, they won’t come out unless they feel something like movement and CO2
- Flea Pupa
- Flea pupa stage lasts about _____.
- 1-2 weeks
- Young flea adult needs _____ soon within 1-3 days
- blood meal
- Entire life cycle of fleas is _____ days, usually ______ weeks
-
12-350
3-6 - Flea can remain in pupa up to _____
- 1 year
- This flea monthly topicals is hazardous to cats
- Permethrin & Pyrethrins
- An insecticide extracted from flowers that is commonly found in pet sprays, dips, shampoos, dusts, foggers.
- Pyrethrins
- ________ is also a synthetic form of pyrethrin
- Permethrin
- ___ is a highly specific adulticide. Product name is Frontline Tope Spot
- Fipronil
- Flea sprays tend to contain ____.
- pyrethrins
- Oral flea program, ________, prevents eggs from hatching and chitin from developing
- Lufenuron
- IDI stands for _____
- insect development inhibitor
- ______ contains Nitenpyram, a nicotine-derivative. It is safe and very effective oral flea medication.
- Capstar 24 hrs
- ____ an injectable flea medication contains Lufenuron. It is applied every 6 months.
- Program
- Flea combs should have ____ teeth per inch
- 32
- You can apply ______ on the lawn to kill fleas.
- parasitic roundworms
- Advantage flea control contains _______
- Imidacloprid
- Common IGRs
-
Methoprene
Nylar (Pyriproxyfen) - ________ is relatively non-toxic, abrasive to desiccants, used to treat the environment against flea larvae and pupae.
- Sodium polyborate
- ________ is a food grade insecticide. It is comprised of the fossilized remains of diatoms. The diatom shells are covered in sharp spines that make them dangerous to exoskeletal insects, but not to animals with internal skeletons.
- Diatomaceous Earth
- IGR stands for ______
- Insect Growth Regulators
- 4 IDIs learned in class w/product name
-
Imidacloprid – Advantage
Pyroproxyfen – Bio Spot
Methoprene – Frontline Plus
Lufeneron – Program - Arthropod parasites are _____ and ______
-
Insect parasites
Arachnid parasites - Ex. of insect parasites
-
Lice
Fleas
Flies - Flies are ______. If they see a habitat they like, they go for it. i.e. open wound, matted hair, feces.
- opportunistic
- Larval dipterans may develop in the subcutaneous tissues of the skin or organs of many domestic animals, producing a condition known as ________.
- myiasis
- In _________, the fly larvae are completely parasitic, ie, they depend on the host to complete the life cycle.
- obligatory myiasis
- Commonly known as screwworm, this fly is eradicated in North America.
- Cochliomyia
- Larvae of the genus ______ infest dogs & cats in the subcutaneous tissues and causes swollen cystlike lesion.
- Cuterebra
- Larvae develop under skin, there is a hole on the skin to breathe. Don’t smash it because the inside can cause anaphylactic reaction
- Hypoderma
- Subclass of the arthropod class Arachnida that includes the mite and tick
- Acarina
- Mites and ticks are mebers of the class _________
- Acarina
- A group of parasitic mites that causes pruritus in domestic animals. They are barely visible to the naked eye and has a oval body shape. They have pedicels with suckers.
- sarcoptiform
- 2 basic families of sarcoptiform mites
-
Sarcoptidae
Psoroptidae - Sarcoptiform mites that burrow within th eepidermis and entire life cycle is spent on host
- Sarcoptidae
- Sarcoptiform mites that live on skin surface or within the ear
- Psoroptidae
- List 3 Sarcoptidae
-
Sarcoptes
Notoedres
Cnemidocoptes - List 3 Psoroptidae
-
Psoroptes
Chorioptes
Otodectes - Lify cycle of Sarcoptidae
-
eggs
larvae
nymph
adults - Scabies is AKA
- Sarcoptes scabiei
- Key morphologic feature of sarcoptic scabiei
- long unjointed pedicel with sucker on the end of some of the legs
- An anatomical part that resembles a stem or stalk
- pedicel
- Dx of Sarcoptes scabiei
- Skin scraping on large area, 4 inch square, superficially, get a lot of debris
- Feline scabies
- Notoedres cati
- Notoedres cati is AKA
- Mange mite
- Notoedres cati looks similar to sarcoptic scabiei, but are ______ with a ________
-
smaller
dorsal anus - The eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres catiare ____ shape
- oval
- Notoedres affects cats & rabbits and causes ________ in head and feet.
- Crusty legions
- The eggs of Sarcoptes and Notoedric are _______ shape.
- oval
- __________ causes scaly leg in parakeets.
- Cnemidocoptes
- _______ occurs most commonly in the external ear canal of rabbits and causes abundant crusts of dried serum. The clinical signs include shaking and scratching of head.
- Psoroptes Cuniculi
- ________ exhibit characteristic long, jointed pedicels with suckers on the ends of some of the legs.
- Psoroptes
- Foot and tail mite
- Chorioptes
- Itchy leg mite
- Chorioptes
- _______ is found on the hind legs of an animal and causes mild pruritis.
- Chrioptes
- ______ have short unjointed pedicels w/some suckers
- Chrioptes
- Ear mite that I'll see in practice
- Otodectes
- Clinical signs of _______ includes head shaking, “coffee grounds†debris, and intense irritation
- Otodectes
- Like Chorioptes, ________ also has short unjointed pedicels w/some suckers.
- Otodectes
- Dx of otodectes is made by:
- Otoscope & Ear swab
- Use ________ on a glass slide to examing an ear swab
- mineral oil
- Is demodex sarcoptiform or miscellaneous mites?
- Miscellaneous
- Mites of the genus _____ reside in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of people and most domestic animals.
- Demodex
- Disease caused by an increased number of Demodex is called ______
- demodicosis
- ______ are elongated mites with short, stubby legs.
- Demodex
- Dx of Demodex
- Skin scrape – small area, squeeze hair follicle
- The _____ eggs are spindle-shape or tapered at each end
- Demodex
- Small numbers of these mites are part of the normal skin flora, however, in dogs with immunodeficiencies, these mites proliferate and cause skin disease.
- Demodex
- Demodex is transmitted by
- close contact
- What should you do when looking for Demodex under microscope
-
Count the live:dead ratio
Presence of larvae or nimph or egg - Good prognostic indicator for demodex
- decrease in the number of eggs and live mites
- Tx of Demodex
- Poison, lye sulfur, acrocide
- “Walking dandruffâ€
- Cheyletiella
- Morphologic features of Cheyletiella
-
Visible to the naked eye
Hooklike accessory mouthparts - Dx of Cheyletiella
- Use tape
- Poultry mites
- Ornithonyssus
- ________ has long legs to walk around and hang around in the environment and looks for a host
- Ornithonyssus
- Ticks are characterized by ______ compressed bodies
- dorsoventrally
- Ticks' body color can be _______ or ______
-
Red/brown
plain - Ticks eat ________
- blood
- 2 families of ticks of veterinary importance
-
Argasid
Ixodid - Soft ticks with leathery look
- Argasid
- Hard ticks, obvious head
- Ixodid
- Life cycle of ticks
-
egg
larva
nimph
adult - Infestation of domestic animals by mites or ticks is called ________
- acariasis
- Ticks can survive _________ without a blood meal
- 2-3 years
- ______ is required for tick's egg fertilization and deposition
- Blood
- Tick activity is restricted during the ________ months
- cold winter
- With Otobius megnini, only ____ stages are parasitic
- Larva and nymph
- ______ are often confused with ear mites
- Soft ticks
- Hard chitinous plate of ticks
- scutum
- Ticks commony seen in North America
- Rhipcephalus sanguineus
- Rhipcephalus sanguineus is AKA
- brown dog tick
- Base of the head of ticks
- capitulum
- Rhipicephalus sanguineus is characterized by its ______ shape
- hexagonal
- Roundworms is Phylum _______
- Nematoda
- The life cycle of most parasites has at least one stage at which the parasite may be passed from one host to the next. This is called _________
- diagnostic stage
- Time from infection until time infection can be routinely diagnosed
- Prepatent period
- Kingdom prostia, single cell animal
- Protozoa
- The most common sites for protozoa detection are in _______
- blood samples
- Protozoa in blood
- hemoprotozoa
- Protozoa in fecal
- intestinal protozoa
- AKA flukes
- Trematodes
- ___ are unsegmented, leaf shaped, flatworms
- Trematodes
- Most adult flukes are found in the:
-
intestinal tract
liver
lungs - having male and female sex organs
- hermaphrodites
- Fluke eggs are ______
- operculated
- Fluke eggs hatch and exit through the ______
- operculum
- Fluke's first intermediate host is usually a _______
- snail
- AKA Tapeworms
- Cestodes
- Characteristics of cestodes
-
Flattened
Proglottids
Scolex - Segments of cestodes are called _______
- proglottids
- a little head with sucker and hooks of cestodes
- scolex
- Each _______ of cestodes is an entity with repro system
- proglottid
- Proglottids contain eggs with ___________
- hexacanth embryos
- Embryos with an internal structure with 6 hooks
- hexacanth embryos
- Cestodes egg are eaten by _________
- intermediate host
- Ex of cestodes itermediate host
- arthropod - flea, fish, mammal
- AKA roundworms
- Nematodes
- Nematodes are found in ________
- almost any tissue of domestic animals
- If you see an animal that has fleas, need to do fecal and look for __________
- tapeworms
- _____ is a nematode that often forms nodules in the esophageal wall of dogs and cats
- Spirocerca
- Spirocerca eggs have ________ shape
- paper clip
- Capillaria is a ________
- nematode
- Capillaria's eggs are ____ shape and has _________
-
barrel
bipolar caps - ______ eggs are confusing with trichuris’ egg which is also footbll shaped with bipolar caps
- Capillaria
- Difference between Trichuris egg and Capillaria eggs
- Capillaria eggs have flattened sides
- parasitic nematode worm
- Ascarids
- ______ are the ascarids of dogs and cats
- Toxocara and Toxascaris
- The eggs of ______ are spherical, with a deeply pigmented center and a rough, pitted outer shell.
- Toxocara
- ______ egg has a space between wall and the circle middle
- Toxascaris
- Ascarids are found in the ________
- small intestine
- Prepatent period for Toxocara is _________.
- 21 to 35 days
- Prepatent period for Toxascaris is _________.
- 74 days
- Roundworm found in the small intestine of dogs
- Toxocara canis
- Roundworm found in the small intestine of cats
- Toxocara cati
- a blood-sucking, disease-causing nematode worm that bores through the skin, attaching itself to the intestinal walls with its hooked mouthparts.
- hookworm
- wicked mouth hookworm, found in dog, cat’s small intestine
- Ancylostoma
- ______ infection can cause severe anemia in young kittens and puppies.
- Hookworm
- Eggs of all ________ are oval or ellipsoid, have thin walls and contain 8-16 cells when passed in the pet's feces.
- hoookworm
- Intestinal threadworms
- Strongyloides
- _________ are unique in that only a parthenogenetic female is parasitic in the host.
- Strongyloides
- female that can lay eggs without copulation with a male
- parthenogenetic
- The eggs of Strongyoides hatch in the __________
- intestine
- The prepatent period of Strongyloides is _______.
- 1-2 weeks
- Whipworm
- Trichuris
- ______ reside in the cecum and colon of the host
- Trichuris
- The prepatent period for Trichuris is ________-
- 70-90 days
- _________ eggs have thin wall and blobs inside
- Ancylostoma
- a thread-shaped nematode worm that occurs as a parasite in the intestines of vertebrate animals, including human beings.
- pinworm
- Tapeworm
- Cestodes
- major tapeworm I’ll see
- Dipylidium
- Dogs & cats become infected by Dipylidium by ingesting ______
- fleas
- Dipylidium are found in the ____
- small intestine of the dog & cat
- Cucumber seed tapeworm
- Dipylidium
- Prepatent period for Dipylidium is __________
- 2-3 weeks
- ____ are pretty innocuous
- Cestodes
- classic looking tapeworm
- Taenia