Science Final Exam

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Terms

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epicenter: point on earth's surface directly above the focus of the earthquake
coral reef: structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm shallow ocean water
inner core: dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the earth
abrasion: grinding away of rock by other rock particles carries in water ice or wind
clastic rock: sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments a squeezed together under high pressure
sediment: small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or organisms; earth materials deposited by erosion
immigration: moving in to a population
intrusive rock: igneous rock that forms form magma inside the earth
plate tectonics: theory that pieces of the earth's lithosphere are in a constant movement driven by convection currents in the mantel
extinct: volcano that is no longer active and unlikely to erupt in the future
P wave: type of seismic wave that compress and expands the ground; first to arrive
L wave: surface wave; siesmic wave that forms when P and S wavs hit earth's surface; ost dangerous
pistil: female reproductive organ of a flower
lava: liquid magma that reaches the surface or the hardened magma
volcano: a weak spot in the earth's crust wheremagma has come to the surface
the five branches of earth science: geology, oceanography, meteorology, astronomy, and environmental science
competition: struggle between organisms as they attempt to use the same limited resource
silica: material found in magma that is formed form the elements oxygen and silicon
vascular tissue: internal transporting tissue in some plant made up of tubelike structures
transpiration: process in which water is lost in the leaves of a plant
adaptations: behavioral or physical characteristic that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in it's environment
basalt: dark, dense igneous rock that if found in oceanic crust
silica: material found in magma that id formed from oxegen and silicon
grains: particles of minerals and other rocks that give a rock it's texture
natural selection: process by which individuals that are better adapted to the environment will live longer and reproduce more that the others in that species
granite: usually light colored igneous rock that is found in the continental crust
intrusive rock: igneous rock that forms form magma inside the earth
producer: an organism that can make it's own food
foliated: term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands
asthenosphere: soft layer of mantle of which the lithosphere floats
foliated: term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands
plankton: small organisms moved by the current
rhizoid: thin root like structure that anchors moss and absorbs water/nutrients
mechanical weathering: type of weathering in which rock is physically broken in to smaller pieces
lava flow: area covered by lava as it leaves the vent
rock cycle: series of process on the surface and inside the earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another
magma chamber: pocket beneath volcano where magma collects
ecosystem: community of organisms that live in a particular area along with their non living surroundings
population density: number of specific animals in a specific amount of time
natural resource: anything in the environment that humans use
aftershock: earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area
sporophyte: stage in life cycle of a plant where the plant reproduces with spores
convection: transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid
compaction: process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
estuary: a nursery for small fish and plankton formed in brackish water
caldera: large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses
mutualism: type of symbiosis in which both organisms gain
root cap: dead cells on the outside tip of a root to protect it
ovule: structure that contains the egg cell
extrusive rock: igneous rock that forms from lava on earth's surface
cementation: process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together in to one mass
S wave: second to arrive; moves ground up and down side to side
moment magnitude scale: scale rating earthquakes by an earthquake's magnitude
scavenger: carnivore that feeds on that bodies of dead animals
tension: stress that stresses rock so that it become thinned in the middle; like pulling gum on a hot day
petal: colorful, leaf like structure of some flowers
clastic rock: sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments a squeezed together under high pressure
dormant: volcano that is not currently active but may become active in the future
succession: series of predictable changes that occur in a community over a period of time
sepal: leaf like structure that protects the bud of a flower
cuticle: waxy outer covering that protects the leaves
species: group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other producing offspring that can then mate
organic rock: sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
ice wedging: process that splits rock when water seeps into rock freezes and expands
seed: plant structure that contain a young plant inside a protective outer covering
granite: usually light colored igneous rock found in the continental crust
birth rate: number of births in a population in a certain amount of time
coral reef: structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm shallow ocean water
sea floor spreading: process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor
convection currents: movement of a fluid caused by the difference in temperatures that transfers haet from one part of a substance to another
contour planting: plowing field along the curve of a slope to prevent soil loss
hanging wall: block of rock that forms at the upper half of a fault
magma: molten mixture of rock forming substances gasses and water from the mantle
igneous rock: type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
decomposer: organism that breaks down chemical wastes and dead organisms and returns important materials to the soil and water
continental drift: Wegener's idea that the continents slowly moved over earth's surface
pollination: transfer if pollen from the male reproductive structure to female in plants
flower: reproductive structure of an angiosperm
organic rock: sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
metamorphic rock: type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat pressure or chemical reactions
base-isolated building: building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake
crop rotation: planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain soil's fertility
pressure: force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which force is exerted
vent: opening through which molten rock and gas leave the volcano
community: all the different populations that live together in an area
chemical rock: sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystalize from a solution
gametophyte: stage in life cycle of a plant where the plant reproduces with egg and sperm
pyroclastic flow: explosion of ash cinders bombs and gasses during an explosive volcanic erruption
metamorphic rock: type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat pressure or chemical reactions
deposition: process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
chemical weathering: process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
pioneer species: first species to populate an area
density: amount of mass of a substance in a given volume; mass per unit volume
rock-forming mineral: common minerals that make up most of the rocks in earth's crust
basalt: dark dense igneous rock with a fine texture found in oceanic crust
rock-forming mineral: common minerals that make up most of the rocks in earth's crust
oxidation: chemical change in a substance combines with oxygen (iron-> rust)
radiation: direct transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves
compaction: process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
deep ocean trench: deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantel
zygote: fertilized egg produced by the joining of sperm and egg
viscosity: a liquids resistance to flowing
shield volcano: wide gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava formed by quiet erruptions
sedimentary rock: type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of other dead plants and animals pressed together and cemented
erosion: process by which water, wind, ice, or gravity moves weathered rocks or soil
seismic waves: vibrations that travel through the earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake
aa: slow moving lava that hardens to form rough chunks
earthquake: shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath earth's surface
igneous rock: type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
commensalism: type of symbiosis in which one organism gains and the other is neither helped or harmed
herbivore: consumer that eats only plants
parasitism: relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it
erosion: process by which water, wind, ice, or gravity moves weathered rocks or soil
phytoplankton: plant plankton
sonar: device that determines the distance of underwater objects by recording echos of sound waves
carnivore: consumer that eats only animals
seismograph: device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move they move through the earth
angiosperm: plant that produces seeds protected by a fruit
emigration: moving out of a population
tsunami: giant wave usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor
deposition: process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
syncline: downward fold in rock formed by compression in earth's crust
cinder cone volcano: steep cone shaped hill or small mt. made of volcanic ash cinders and bombs piled up around the volcano's opening
phloem: vascular tissue that transports the food down
rock cycle: series of process on the surface and inside the earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another
mid-ocean ridge: under sea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced
stamen: male reproductive parts of a flower
prey: organism killed and eaten by the predator in predation
fault: break or crack in the earth's lithosphere along which the rocks move
grains: particles of minerals and other rocks that give a rock it's texture
abiotic factor: non-living part of an organism's habitat
sedimentary rock: type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of other dead plants and animals pressed together and cemented
anticline: upward fold in rock formed by compression in earth's crust
shearing: stress that pushes masses of rock in the opposite directions in a sideways motion
photosynthesis: process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and water and carbon dioxide to make their own food
sod: thick mass of grass roots and soil
xylem: vascular tissue that transports water up
non vascular plant: plant lacking vascular tissue, short
salinity: amount of salt water in a solution
food chain: series of events in which one organism eats a another and obtains energy
sediment: small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or organisms; earth materials deposited by erosion
food web: pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem
subduction: process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back in to the mantel at a convergent plate boundary
Ring of Fire: major belt of volcanoes that rims the pacific ocean
symbiosis: a close relationship between two organisms where at least one gains
turbidity: how far you can see in to the water or the murkiness of the water
convergent boundary: plate boundary where two plates move together
lithosphere: rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and crust
estimate: approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions
embryo: young organism that develops from a zygote
limiting factors: environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing
texture: look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size shape and pattern of a rock's grains
fruit: ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that incloses one or more seeds
basalt: dark, dense igneous rock that if found in oceanic crust
pipe: long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to the surface
germination: sprouting of an embryo from a seed when the embryo resumes growth
ovary: flower structure that encloses and protects the ovules as they develop
rift valley: deep valley that forms when two plates move apart (divergent boundaries)
conduction: direct transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another by touching
energy pyramid: diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
outer core: layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of the earth
mantle: layer of hot solid material between earth's crust and core
predator: organism that does the killing in predation
population: all the members of a particular species in a particular area
geothermal activity: heating of underground water by magma
Alfred Wegener: scientist who had a hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a single land mass and have since drifted apart with continental drift
vascular plant: plant with true vascular tissue
liquefacation: process by which an earthquakes violent movement suddenly turns loose soil in to liquid mud
niche: pole of an organism in it's habitat or how it makes a living
chemical rock: sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystalize from a solution
focus: point beneath earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes and earthquake
zooplankton: animal plankton
silica: material found in magma that is formed form the elements oxygen and silicon
Harry Hess: invented sea floor spreading
death rate: number of deaths in population in a certain amount of time
pahoehoe: hot fast moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth rope like coils
permeable: characteristic of a material that is full of tiny connected air spaces that water can seep through
secondary succession: series of changes that occur in an environment where there is already soil or organisms living
composite volcano: tall cone shaped mt. in which layers of lava and ash
frond: the leaves of a fern plant
transform boundary: plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions
compression: stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
habitat: specific environment that provides the things an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce,
geyser: fountain of water and stream that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals
primary succession: series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms live
crater: bowl shaped area that forms around the central opening
Dust Bowl: are in the great plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930s
Mercalli Scale: scale rating earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause at a particular place
magnitude: measurement of a earthquakes strength based on siesmic waves and movements along other faults
divergent boundary: plate boundary where two plates move away from eachother
island arc: string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench
texture: look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size shape and pattern of a rock's grains
Pangaea: Wegener's super continent
stress: force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume
biome: group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms
cotyledon: a seeded leaf
organism: a living thing
plate: section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust
crust: layer of rock the forms the outer surface
J. Tuzo Wilson: invented the iea of plates in the lithosphere
predation: interaction in which one organism kills another for food (one gains one doesn't)
dicot: angiosperm with two seed leaves
omnivore: consumer that eats plants and animals
gymnosperm: plant that produces seeds that are not protected by a fruit
fossil: any trace of n ancient organism that has been preserved in ROCK
soil conservation: management of soil to prevent it's destruction
monocot: angiosperm with one seeded leaf
scientific theory: well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
parasite: organism that benefits from living on or in the host
hot spot: area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it
pollen: tiny particles produced by seeded plants containing the cells that later become sperm cells
biotic factor: living part of an organism's habitat
extrusive rock: igneous rock that forms from lava on earth's surface
Richter Scale: scale that rates an eathquakes magnitude based on the size of it's seismic waves
consumer: organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
weathering: chemical and physical processes that break down rock at earth's surface
ecology: study of how organisms interact with their environment
host: organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on
granite: usually light colored igneous rock that is found in the continental crust
carrying capacity: largest population that an area can support
cambium: layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem ad xylem cells
foot wall: block of rock that forms the bottom half of a fault
cementation: process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together in to one mass

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