ESC Chapter 5 P 101-6, 111-126
Terms
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- A sandstone containing more than 25% feldspar
- Arkose
- The formation of parallel layers of sediment as particles settle to the bottom of the sea, a river, or a land surface
- Bedding
- A pattern of interbedded and vertically stacked layers of sandstone, shale, and other sedimentary rock types
- Bedding sequence
- A shallow-water sediment consisting primarily of two calcium carbonate minerals- calcite and aragonite- in variable proportions
- Bioclastic sediment
- The process by which organisms rework existing sediments by burrowing through muds and sands
- Bioturbation
- A marine setting where calcium carbonate, principally of biochemical origin, is the main sediment
- Carbonate environment
- An extensive flat, shallow area where both biologoical and nonbiological carbonates are deposited
- Carbonate platform
- A sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of carbonate minerals precipitated organically or inorganically
- Carbonate rock
- A sediment formed from the accumulation of carbonate minerals precipitated organically or inorganically
- Carbonate sediment
- A major chemical diagenetic change in which minerals are precipitated in the pores of sediments, forming cements that bind clastic sediments and rocks
- Cementation
- New chemical substances that form by precipitation when some of a rock's components dissolve during weathering and are carried in river waters to the sea
- Chemical and biological sedimentary environment
- The dissolved product of weathering precipitated from water (usually seawater) by chemical reactions and formed at or near its place of deposition
- Chemical sediment
- The weathering that occurs when the minerals in a rock are chemically altered or dissolved
- Chemical weathering
- A sedimentary rock made up of chemically or biochemically precipitated silica
- Chert
- A rock made up exclusively of clay-sized particles
- Claystone
- A biochemically produced sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of organic carbone formed by the diagenesis of swamp vegetation
- Coal
- A decrease in the volume and porosity of a sediment that occurs when the grains are squeezed close together by the weight of overlying sediment
- Compaction
- A sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles and boulders. The lithified equivalent of gravel.
- Conglomerate
- A broad, flat sand and mud covered platform that is a slightly submerged part of a continent and extends to the edge of the continental slope
- Continental shelf
- A sedimentary structure consisting of bedded material deposited by currents of wind or water and inclined at angles as large as 35 degrees from horizontal
- Cross-bedding
- The physical and chemical changes- including pressure, heat and chemical reactions- by which buried sediments are lithified into sedimentary rocks
- Diagenesis
- An abundant carbonate rock composed primarily of dolomite and formed by the diagenesis of carbonate sediments and limestones
- Dolostone
- A sedimentary rock formed from evaporite sediments
- Evaporite rock
- An accumulation of materials precipitated inorganically from evaporting seawater and from water in arid-region lakes that have no river outlets
- Evaporite sediment
- Group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface waters and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean's carbonate sediments
- Foraminifera
- A fluid organic sediment formed by the diagenesis of organic material in the pores of sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstone and limestone
- Gas
- A bed that formed horizontal or nearly horizontal layers at the time of deposition, in which the coarsest particles are concentrated at the bottom and grade gradually upward into fine silt
- Graded bedding
- The coarsest clastic sediment, consisting of particles larger than 2 mm in diametere and including pebbles, cobbles and boulders
- Gravel
- A sandstone composed of a heterogeneous mixture of rock gragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar, the sand grains being surrounded by a fine-grained clay matrix
- Graywacke
- A sedimetary rock that usually contains more than 15% iron in the form of iron oxides and some iron silicates and iron carbonates
- Iron Formation
- A biochemical sedimentary rock lithified from carbonate sediments and composed mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite
- Limestone
- A sandstone that contains many fragments derived from fine-grained rocks, monstly shales, volcanic rocks and fine-grained metamorphic rocks
- Lithic sandstone
- The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation
- Lithification
- A clastic sediment, mixed with water, in which most of the particles are less than .062 mm in diameter
- Mud
- A blocky, poorly bedded, fine-grained sedimentary rock produced by the lithification of mud
- Mudstone
- An organic fluid formed by the diagenesis of buried organic material that migrates into reservoirs in porous crustal rocks
- Oil
- A sedimentary rock that consists entirely or partly of organic carbon-rich deposits formed by the decay of once-living material that has been buried
- Organic sedimentary rock
- A rich organic material that contains more than 50% carbon
- Peat
- A chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock composed of calcium phosphate precipitated from phosphate-rich seawater and formed diagenetically by the interaction between muddy or carbonate sediments and the phosphate-rich water
- Phosphorite
- Weathering in which solid rock is fragmented by mechanical processes that do not change its chemical composition
- Physical weathering
- The % of a rock's volume consisting of open pores between grains
- Porosity
- A sandstone made up almost entirely of quartz grains, usually well sorted and rounded
- Quartz arenite
- A moundlike or ridgelike organic structure constructed of the carbonate skeletons of millions of organisms
- Reef
- A sedimentary structure consisting of a very small dune of sand or silt whose long dimension is at right angles to the current
- Ripple
- The total amount of dissolved substnaces in a given volume of water
- Salinity
- A clastic sediment consisting of medium-sized particles ranging from .062 to 2 mm in diameter
- Sand
- A clastic rock composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments, bound together by a cement of quartz, carbonate, or other minerals, or by a matrix of clay minerals. The lithified equivalent of sand.
- Sandstone
- A region of considerable extent ( at least 10,000 square km) where the combination of deposition and subsidence has formed thick accumulations of sediment and sedimentary rock
- Sedimentary basin
- Any kind of bedding or other surface (such as cross-bedding, graded bedding, or ripples) formed at the time of deposition
- Sedimentary structure
- A fine-grained clastic rock composed of silt plus a significant component of clay, which causes it to break readily along bedding planes
- Shale
- Clastic sediments produced by the weathering of rocks composed largely of silicate minerals
- Siliclastic sediments
- A clastic sediment in which most of the grains are between .0039 and .062 mm in diameter
- Silt
- A clastic rock that contains mostly silt and looks similar to mudstone or very fine grained sandstone. The lithified equivalent of silt.
- Siltstone
- The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments according to size.
- Sorting
- The general process that breaks up rocks into fragments of various sizes by a combination of physical fracturing and chemical decomposition
- Weathering