Social Studies Final

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Phoenicians: civilization located in modern-day Lebanon; excellent sailors: traded throughout the Mediterranean
Examples of Golden Ages: Age of Pericles, Renaissance Italy, Tang Dynasty, Gupta India, Age of Louis XIV, Elizabethan England
Humanism: philosophy that focused on the importance of the individual; the role of human beings in the world; represented the teachings of Socrates and artwork of the Renaissance
Yasa: Mongolian code of Law
Buddhism: founded by Siddhartha Guatama; rejects the caste system; embraces of karma and reincarnation; explanation of life through the "Four Noble Truths;" encourage moral life as described in the Eightfold Path
Guilds: economic organizations created to control product distribution (merchant) or product quality (craft); became important community organizations; apprentice/journeyman; (coat of arms for each guild)
Golden Ages in Greece: The Golden Age of Athens, Pericles (art and architecture)
Henry VIII: sought annulment from wife; breaks with pope and makes himself head of Anglican church; six marriages; solidifies position as political and religious leader; establishes English navy; follows "Balance of Power" idea in foreign policy
Islam: founded by the prophet Muhammad; principles of the 5 pillars- guidelines for life; Holy scripture Kuran (Quran); two major sects- Shi'ite and Sunni
Social Mobility: the ability to improve one's social and/or economic status. A rarity in most early cultures; also suggests that one can lose their standing in society; "the social ladder"
Muhammad: founder of Islam; forced from city of Makkah (Mecca); flees to Madina (Medina); teaches idea of Monotheism; his words became the writings of the holy book The Koran (Quran)
Confucianism: based on the teachings of Kongfuzi; emphasis is on the group rather than the individual; 5 basic relationships-4 vertical and 1 horizontal; focus on filial piety; basis of civil service exam throughout Chinese history
Age of Exploration: initiated by Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator) and Spain; Europeans begin to explore, seeking new trade routes to the East; leads to increased contact between Europeans, Asians, Africans, and Native Americans; Treaty of Tordesillas
Sumerians: this civilization included the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia; political units of city-states (Ur, Uruk); Cuneiform; Ziggurats; Metal plow, use of wheel; polytheism
Lydians: civilization located in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey); excelled in commerce (trade); used coin money, replaced Barter System; King Croesus (richest man)
Magellan: famous Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain; reached Straights of Magellan (South America) and the Pacific Ocean; crew completed first circumnavigation of the world
Spanish Armada: legendary fleet sent by Spain the conqueror Elizabeth's England (1588); Spanish suffered huge losses; doomed by bad weather and faster England ships; marks the end of Spanish mastery of the sea; England becomes new "mistress of the sea"
Hejira: Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina
Golden Age: any time of significant intellectual or cultural achievement
Examples of conflicts resulting from nationalism: The Age of Exploration, World War I
Polytheism: belief in multiple gods who control forces of nature (e.g. Zeus- Greek god of lightning); various cultures hold these beliefs; Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians
Renaissance: Europe's first modern "Golden Age;" time when many people questioned tradition and authority; inspired by economic changes taking place in post-Crusades Europe, dissolution (death) of the manor system and the growth of towns, and the rebirth of classical learning
Reformation: refers to the religious "revolution" of the 1500s; splinter groups break away from the Catholic Church (Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII, Knox); outgrowth of the Renaissance spirit to question ideas and beliefs, even in matters of religion
Cortes: Who defeated the Aztecs?
Subsistence Farmers: they grow enough food to feed themselves and their family
Democracy: political system where law is in the hands of the citizens
Gold for Salt Trade: West Africans trade gold resources for North African salt; dietary necessity
Neolithic Revolution: refers to the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a permanent, agricultural lifestyle. There was Domestication of animals. Populations increased as steady food supply was made available (surplus). Led to the development of civilizations (cities), growth of technology
Akkadians: this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great
Great Schism: 1054- established Greek and Roman churches in the Eastern Roman Empire
Indus River Valley: located in modern Pakistan; also known as Harappan Culture (including Mohenjo-Daro); highly advanced organized: sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction, all examples of centralized government
Judaism: religion of the Hebrews; monotheistic; belief in the covenant; promise made between Yahweh (God) and Abraham; led from slavery in Egypt by Moses (story of Exodus); used Torah
Christianity: based largely on Jewish tradition and beliefs; Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah (Christ); Holy scripture- new testament- Gospels; various divisions and sects have developed; Protestant; Roman Catholic; and Greek Orthodox Churches
Romans: this civilization began as a city-state (monarchy to republic); expanded into empire; Civil War leads to imperial government; Pax Romana; Roads, cities, aqueducts, architecture; influence of law; rise of Christianity
Conquistadors: Spanish term for "conquerors;" generally applied to Cortes' victory over Aztecs and Pizarro's defeat of Incas
Peter the Great: Russian tsar (1689-1725); seeks to modernize Russia in Europe's image; remembered for the three W's: Westernization, Warm-water port, and Window on the West (St. Petersburg)
Tokugawa Shogunate: ruling family of shoguns (feudal warlords) from 1600-1868; maintained feudal structure; brought peace and stability to Japan; "closed" Japan to the world (xenophobia-fear of foreigners); isolation limits technological progress
Magna Carta: Signed in 1215 between King John and nobles; established the Great Council; basic democratic political rights were established (though not applied to all citizens)
Absolutism: political philosophy in which all power rests in the hands of a single ruler; embodied by Louis XIV of France of Peter the Great of Russia
Greeks: civilization with achievements in math, science, philosophy, art and architecture; city-state structure included acropolis, agora, and assembly; democracy was ostracism; Alexander the Great (Hellenistic Cultures)
Columbus: explorer; sails from Spain seeking western route to the Indies; lands in Bahamas, and in modern-day Dominican Republic and Haiti; conflict over his place in history (hero v. villain debate); opens the Americas to 15th century Europe (the Columbian Exchange)
William the Conqueror: led Norman invasion of England in 1066; defeated King Harold of the Saxons; set up a council of nobles as advisers; took first census of England (Domesday Book)
Interdependence: highlights the reliance that cultures have on one another; particularly true in the modern world; limited resources require greater cooperation on the part of individual nations so that all people have access to needed material. Also demonstrated by early societies where success of society depended on everyone fulfilling their roles
Polytheistic: Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians all have which religious belief?
St. Bartholomew's Day: religious strife between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots); Catholic royals ordered massacre of Huguenots; Huguenot Henry of Navarre survives turmoil and becomes King Henry IV ("Paris is worth a mass"); passes Edict of Nantes (freedom for Huguenots); revoked by Louis XIV
Representative democracy: What kind of democracy was the Roman Republic?
Shinto: focuses on the importance of nature and power; idea of kami (spirit) contained in all objects; mainly a Japanese religion
Monarchy: Most common political system in early civilizations. e.g. Egypt, Chinese Dynasties, England
Hunter-gatherer lifestyle: refers to the time period where people migrated (nomadic) in search of food supplies; following herds and searching for wild fruits and berries. There was a limited population; people tended to live in smaller clans/tribes
Desiderius Erasmus: noted Christian humanist; was critical of church leaders; particularly Renaissance popes and their extravagant lifestyles; wrote The Praise of Folly; encouraged people to look to early Christians for inspitration
Direct democracy: What kind of democracy was Athens?
Divine Right: belief that power to rule comes from God; kings were God's lieutenants on earth; suggests ultimate superiority of monarchs; comparable to Chinese "Mandate of Heaven"
Louis XIV: The Sun King (1660-1715); vast expense to create Versailles palace depletes treasury; debt will be paid for generations to come; palace is a symbol of both glory of France and the excesses of the monarchy; perfect example of absolute monarchy
Babylonians: this civilization is remembered for king Hammurabi and his code of law ("an eye for an eye"); ancestors of the later Chaldeans (famous for their hanging gardens)
Balance of Power: foreign policy followed by Elizabeth; belief that security/peace will only be achieved if no one nation is too powerful; side with the weaker nation to offset inequality of power
Torah: sacred scriptures (first five books of the old testament)
John Calvin: was critical of corruption of church leaders; believed in predestination ("Elect of God"); association with the "Puritan work ethic;" established church in Geneva, Switzerland
Commercial Revolution: describes the dramatic changes in economics and business as a result of the Age of Exploration; growth of joint-stock companies; development of Mercantilist system
Animism: belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object, even if it was inanimate; found in traditional African cultures and Native American cultures
Mercantilism: system where colonies provide raw materials for mother country who, in turn, produces manufactured products and sells them abroad; relies on imperialism and exploitation of colonies; common economic system during Age of Exploration/Commercial Revolution
Feudalism: also known as manorialism, the manor system of loyalties; an economic system where a lord and vassal enter into a contract agreeing to certain obligations. e.g. land in exchange for military service; popular in medieval Europe and 16th-17th central Feudal Japan
Eastern Roman Empire: also known as the Byzantine empire; used mostly Greek language and culture; capital-Constantinople (new Rome); enjoyed benefit of Mediterranean trade;
Hinduism: tied to Caste System; concepts of dharma, karma, varna, reincarnation; polytheistic; Vedas, Upanishads, are holy texts
Ethnocentrism: belief that one's culture is the essence of their identity; can lead to nationalistic feelings and racism in negative circumstances
Pizarro: Who defeated the Incas?
Martin Luther: wrote "The 95 Thesis;" criticized the sale of indulgences and other corrupt practices of church officials; was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church; translated the Bible into German for commoners to read; "Father of the Reformation"
Johannes Gutenberg: utilized first European printing press; revolutionizes spread of information for Europeans; particularly important for Martin Luther in 1520s
Genghis Khan (Temujin): started conquests leading to the world's largest empire; wrote the Yasa; reorganized the military (cavalry units)
Traditional Economy: refers to an economic system where the majority of people are subsistence farmers
Quran: Islam's holy scripture
Barter: when goods/services are used as a method of exchange. Most often found in early cultures where there is no established currency. e.g. a carpenter repairs a house in exchange for food that farmer grows
Cultural Diffusion: when two cultures meet and exchange ideas; one culture will usually become more dominant; particularly true in cases of empire building (forced)
Nationalism: pride in one's nation; patriotism; can lead to conflict as nations compete for supremacy
Huang He River Valley: earliest Chinese settlement (Yellow River Valley: loess); Xia, Shang, Zhou Kingdoms; concept of Mandate of Heaven and the Dynastic Cycle; developed pictographs and used oracle bones

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 74