Geosystems Minerals/Rock Cycle Test
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- Weathering produces what?
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1. clasts
2. colloids
3. ions - What mechanism turns magma into igneous rock?
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1. volcanism
2. crystallization - What causes erosion?
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1. wind
2. water
3. waves
4. ice - How does lithification occur?
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1. compaction
2. cementation - What mechanisms turn igneous rock into sedimentary rocks (order matters)?
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1. weathering
2. erosion
3. sediment deposition
3. lithification - What causes metamorphasis?
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1. heat
2. pressure
3. chemically active fluids - What factors determine which mineral is formed?
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1. temperature
2. pressure - What's the space between clasts called?
- intersitial space
- Three axes, all same size, 2 in same plane, all perp.
- cubic.
- 3 axes. 2 same length. 2 same plane. all perp.
- tetragonal.
- 3 axes. none same length. 2 same plane. all perp.
- orthorhombic.
- 3 axes. 2 same plane and perp. none same size. 3rd axis not perp.
- monoclinic.
- 3 axes. 2 same plane. none same size. none perp.
- triclinic.
- 4 axes. 3 same plane. 3 same length. 4th perp.
- hexagonal.
- What's the difference between minerals and mineralloids?
- Minerals have a specific composition and chracteristic crystalline structure.
- What's the criteria for an ionic substitution?
- same size, same charge.
- What's the difference in identifying and classifying crystals.
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structure used to classify.
properties used to identify. - What's the first and second most abundant mineral group?
- silicates and oxides.
- What's the net charge on a silicate?
- -4
- How do the outer oxygens in silicates reach stability?
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1. ionic or covalent vonding with other cations.
2. bonding with 2 tetrahedrons at once. - What are the two types of isolated tetrahedra?
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1. olivine group.
2. garnet group. - What are the single chained tetrahedra called?
- pyroxene.
- Where are pyroxene usually found?
- ocean crust and mantle.
- What't the most important pyroxene?
- Augite.
- What the double chained tetrahedra called?
- amphibole.
- What's the most common amphibole?
- hornblende.
- What are the sheets of tetrahedra called?
- clays and micas.
- Name a sheet tetrahedron.
- muscovite or biotite
- What are common forms of quartz?
- agate, flint, jasper
- What is the most common type of silicate?
- feldspars
- What's coupled substitution and where is it found?
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1. when there are different ranges of two different ions.
2. feldspars. - Name the two potassium feldspars and the important characteristic of each.
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1. microcline (highly ordered)
2. orthoclase (partially ordered) - Name the two extremes of the plagioclas feldspars?
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1. sodium feldspar- albite
2. calcium feldspar- anorthite - Name the three important carbonate minerals.
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1. calcite
2. aragonite
3. dolomite - What do the carbonates produce?
- limestone and dolostone
- What is an important phosphate?
- apatite.
- What is an important sulfate?
- gypsum.
- Name the characteristics of sulfides.
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1. ore mineral
2. metallic luster
3. high specific gravity aka heavy - Name three common sulfides.
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1. pyrite
2. galena
3. chalcopyrite - Name two common oxides.
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1. magnetite
2. hematite