Geography Ch 8-14
Terms
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- cindar cone
- smallest volcano; produces little lava and consists largely of pyroclasts (mexican cornfield)
- extrusive
- molten material that solidify at the surface and are fine crystals (rapid cooling)
- entropy
- energy lost as heat as you move up the food chain
- primary succession
- succession where no soil or seedbed exists;barren substrate is the beginning point
- yellow/red soil
- iron-rich soil
- composite cone
- volcano with a mixture of lava flows and pyroclastic material (most famous...St Helens, Vesuvius)
- tectonic processes
- processes that add material, displace and deform the lithosphere
- Calcification
- occurs in dry climates where evaportranspiration exceeds precipitation. Alkali Dusts (Caliche) Grasslands (Abundant Humus) Not Leached Out
- leaching
- process by which gravitational water moves nutrients deeper into the soil
- bedrock.
- solid rock that underlies the surface material
- heterotroph
- can not make its own food
- slope aspect
- the direction a mountain slope faces in respect to the sun's rays
- genetic classification
- classification based on the causes of climate variation
- desert
- arid-precip less than half ET
- ocean ridge
- formed when plates diverge in the ocean
- Laterization
- soil-forming process that occurs in humid, tropical and subtropical climates. • Little to no humus (high rate of decay) • A- horizon leached out except Fe and Al. • Topsoil is reddish, coarse and porous. • The B- horizon has a heavy concentration of illuviated materials
- hot spots
- static sources under moving plates
- tropical rainforest
- humid tropical- steady precipitation, no month less than 6 cm precip.; small temperature variation
- decomposers
- 4th componant of ecosystem;breaks down decaying matter
- patches
- gaps in the matrix
- corridor
- linear features cutting across the mosaic
- eluviation
- removal of soil particles from the topsoil
- regolith
- layer of weathered rock above the bedrock
- asthenosphere
- 2nd layer of earth
- zones of transition
- areas where different regions meet
- igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
- 3 types of rocks
- productivity
- rate at which new organic material is created
- mosaic
- term used to describe landscape of various, interlocking parts
- divergent, convergent, transform faults
- 3 types of plate boundaries
- Thornthwaite classification system
- classification system used mainly in smaller regions (midwest US) based on moisture in soil
- batholith
- large pluton
- porosity
- how much space in a soil that can contain water
- niche
- combination of role and habitat
- caldera
- when the summit of a volcano collapses into its empty magma chamber, producing a vast crater
- permeability
- rate at which fluids pass through the soil
- autotroph
- makes its own food
- obliquity cycle
- orbital change- affects the tilt of the earth's axis
- nekton
- swimming animals such as fish, squid, and swimming mammals
- biomes
- earth's major terrestrial ecosystems
- ecosystem
- community of organisms functioning together in an interdependent relationship with the environment they occupy
- hardpan
- clay formation when illuviation causes subsoil to become dense and compact
- tolerance
- range of conditions that a plant can survive under
- empirical classification
- classification based on statistical parameters or physical characteristics
- climograph
- a display of a location's climate (average monthly temperature and precipitation)
- abiotic
- non-living
- uniformitarianism
- (catastropism counter) idea that internal and external processes of earth's surface are operating today in the same manner as they have for millions of years
- plug dome
- volcano where lava fills the cone; vents get stuck; cleared by an explosion
- intrusive
- molten material that solidify below the surface and are coarse crystals (cool slowly)
- ocean-continent
- convergent boundary (continental mountains)
- horizon
- zone or distinct layer exhibited by well-developed soil distinguished by their different physical and chemical properties
- orbital changes
- eccentricity, obliquity, and precession
- stock
- small pluton
- continent-continent
- convergent boundary (high mountains)
- orographic effects
- effect that mountains have on a climate
- marine west coast
- humid mesothermal-influenced by westerlies; mild to cool summers
- light gray soil
- soil where the humus has been leached out leaving silicon and aluminum
- mediterranean
- humid mesothermal- high pressure in summer;westerlies cause mild, moist winters
- humus
- decayed remains of plant and animal material, partially transformed by bacterial action,
- pyroclasts
- solidified ash to block-sized fragments ejected from volcanoes by gas explosion
- respiration
- major form of oxidation; combination of oxygen with chemical compounds in living cells
- trophic structure
- pattern of eating in an ecosystem
- Podzolization
- occurs in its purest form in the high middle latitudes - moist, cool summers - long, severe winters. • Associated with coniferous forests. • Abundant Humus • Acidic (Iron and Aluminum Leached out) • Local example: Pine Barrens (NJ
- magma
- molten rock below the surface
- organic
- sedimentary rocks that are a product of bioaccumulation
- humid continental-mild summer
- humid microthermal-coldest month below 0; mild summers
- lava
- magma that reaches the surface
- igneous rock
- rock formed from molten material from earth's interior
- polar
- no months above freezing
- volcanism
- rise of magma and its cooling above the earth's surface
- core, mantle and crust
- basic layers of earth
- tropical savannah
- humid tropical-wet summer, dry winter;shift of doldrums and tropical high
- benthos
- plants and animals that live on the ocean floor
- ash falls, pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic surges,lava flows, landslides and mudslides
- 5 types of volcanic emissions
- climax community
- final process of succession where equilibrium is reached
- capillary water
- water held to the surface of individual soil particles by surface tension
- clastic, organic, evaporite
- 3 types of sedimentary rocks
- clastic
- sedimentary rocks physically deposited by wind or water (most common)
- shield volcano, composite cone, plug dome, cindar cone
- 4 types of volcanos
- illuviation
- process by which soil particles are deposited at a lower depth
- outcrop
- bedrock exposed at the surface
- biomass
- total amount of living material in an ecosystem
- atmospheric changes
- volcano ash, greenhouse gases, and solar output
- precession cycle
- orbital change- determines when the time of year perihelion occurs
- color, humus content, texture, structure, PH level
- 5 characteristics of soil
- generalists
- species that can adapt to different and changing environments
- parent material
- weathered fragments of rock that soil is derived from
- shield volcano
- volcano with fluid lavas and relatively little ash (Hawaii)
- secondary succession
- succession that happens after some natural process has destroyed previous vegetation
- metamorphic rock
- any rock that isn't igneous or sedimentary
- sedimentary rock
- accumulated sediments deposited in horizontal layers
- pluton
- intrusive igneous bodies that are deep-seated and are only exposed after many years of erosion
- humid continental-subarctic
- humid microthermal-coldest month below 0;cool summers, cold winters
- Koppen classification system
- classification system based on temperature and precipitation.(and vegetation associations)
- matrix
- dominant area of the mosaic
- habitat
- where a species lives in an ecosystem
- natural vegetation
- plant communities developing without human intervention
- region
- area that has similar characteristics
- humid continental-hot summer
- humid microthermal-4 distinct seasons; mostly found in N America; coldest month below 0; hot summers
- ocean trench
- formed when plates converge in the ocean
- evaporite
- sedimentary rocks as a result of chemical precipitation
- black/dark soil
- soil with lots of humus
- tundra
- at least 1 month above freezing but never more than 10C
- tropical monsoon
- humid tropical-at least 1 month less than 6 cm precip.; slightly more temperature variation; distinct rainy season, short dry season
- ocean-ocean
- convergent boundary (island arcs)
- plankton
- microscopic plants and animals that float freely in the water
- humid subtropical
- humid mesothermal-continental east coast; summers can be as hot as the tropics
- lithosphere
- outer layer of earth including the crust and part of the mantle
- specialists
- species that don't adapt well and only flourish if their preferred resources are abundant
- eccentricity cycle
- orbital change- variation in the earth's orbit around the sun
- steppe
- arid-precip. greater than half but still less than ET
- rain shadows
- leeward side of a mountain that is dry since rain doesn't get to it