APUSH Ch. 15 Studyguide
Terms
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- Captured in one long poem the exuberant and optimistic spirit of popular American democracy
- Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass
- Inspired a widespread spirit or evangelical reform in many areas of American life
- The Second Great Awakening
- Inspired later practitioners of nonviolence like Gandhi and King
- Henry David Thoreau's theory of "civil disobedience"
- The experience of frontier life was especially difficult for
- Women
- Two major sources of European immigration to America in the 1840s and 1850s were
- Germany and Ireland
- As late as 1850, over one-half of the American population was
- Under the age of 30
- The primary economic activity in the Rocky Mountain West before the Civil War was
- Fur-trapping
- Americans came to look on their spectacular western wilderness areas especially as
- One of their distinctive, defining attributes as a new nation
- The American painter who developed the idea for a national park system was (Yellow Park in 1872)
- George Catlin
- One consequence of the influx of new immigrants was
- An upsurge of anti-Catholicism
- Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America
- The Ancient Order of Hibernians
- Liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions of 1848, and came to America
- German Forty Eighters
- Americans who protested and sometimes rioted against Roman Catholic immigrants
- American "nativists"
- Industrialization was at first slow to arrive in America because
- There was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers
- The transformation of manufacturing that began in Britain about 1750
- Industrial Revolution
- The first industry to be shaped by the new factory system of manufacturing was
- Textiles
- "Father of the Factory System" in America. Immigrant mechanic who started American industrialization by setting up his cotton-spinning factory in 1791
- Samuel Slater
- Yankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production and created the system of interchangable parts
- Eli Whitney
- Radical, secret Irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s
- Molly Maguires
- Whitney's invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery
- Cotton Gin
- Principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporation's stock
- Limited Liability
- Inventor of a machine that revolutionized the ready-made clothing industry. (Perfected by Isaac Singer)
- Elias Howe
- Passed in New York (1848); businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature
- Laws of "free incorporation"
- Painter turned inventor who developed the first reliable system for instant communication across distance
- Samuel F.B. Morse
- Pioneering Masshachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal
- Commonwealth vs. Hunt
- Wages for most American workers rose in the early nineteenth century, except for the most exploited workers like
- Women and Children
- A major change affecting the American family in the early nineteenth century was
- A decline in the average number of children per household
- Morse's invention that provided instant communication across distance
- Telegraph
- Common source of early factory labor, often underpaid, whipped and brutally beaten
- Children
- Working people's organizations, often considered illegal under early American law
- Labor Unions
- McCormick's invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer
- Mechanical mower-reaper
- Inventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a business
- Cyrus McCormick
- Produced a steel plow that broke virgin soil.
- John Deere
- The only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War
- Cumberland Road
- Fulton's invention that made river transporation a two-way affair
- Steam engine
- Developer of a "folly" that made rivers two-way streams of transportation
- Robert Fulton
- The first major improvements in the American transportation system were
- Steamboats and highways
- "Clinton's Big Ditch" that transformed transportation and economic life from New York City across the Great Lakes of Chicago
- Erie Canal
- New York governor who built the Erie Canal
- DeWitt Clinton
- Wealthy New York manufacturer who laid the first transatlantic cable in 1858
- Cyrus Field
- Beautiful but short-lived American ships, replaced by British "tramp steamers"
- Clippers
- A major new technological developement that linked America more closely to Europe was
- The transatlantic cable
- One effect of industrialization was
- A rise in the gap betweeen rich and poor
- The new regional "division of labor" created by improved transportation meant that
- The South specialized in cotton, the West in grain and livestock, and the East in manufacturing
- Cause: The open, rough-and-tumble society of the American West
- Effect: Made Americans strongly individualistic and self-reliant
- Cause: Natural population growth and increasing immigration from Ireland and Germany
- Effect: Made the fast-growing United States and the fourth most populous nation in the Western world
- Cause: The poverty and Roman Catholic faith of most Irish immigrants
- Effect: Aroused nativist hostility and occational riots
- Cause: Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin
- Effect: Transformed southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery
- Cause: The passage of general incoporation and limited-liability laws
- Effect: Enabled businesspeople to create more powerful and effective joint-stock capital ventures
- Cause: The early efforts of labor unions to organize and strike
- Effect: Aroused fierce opposition from businesspeople and were often declared illegal
- Cause: Improved western transportation and the new McCormick reaper
- Effect: Encouraged most western farmers to specialize in cach-crop agriculture productions for eastern and European markets
- Cause: The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825
- Effect: Opened the Great Lakes states to rapid growth and spurred the developement of major cities
- Cause: The developement of a strong east-west rail network
- Effect: Bound the two northern sections together accross the mountains and tended to isolate the South
- Cause: The replacement of household production by factory-made, storebought goods
- Effect: Weakened women's economic status and tended to push them into a separate "sphere" of home and family
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_a_First telegraph message-"What hath God wrought?"-is sent from Baltimore to Washington
_b_Industrial revolution begins
_c_Telegraph lines are stretched across Atlantic Ocean and North American continent
_d_Major water transport -
1. b
2. e
3. d
4. a
5. c