study for ap world test
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- hominids
- 3-4 million years ago in southeastern and eastern africa - human like creatures called primates -3 major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism (walk upright); sizable brain (enables abstract thought adn finer motor control); and a larynx (complete speech)
- Homo Sapiens
- - earliest variant , the neanderthan appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago - more advanced was Cro - Magnon, appeared 60,000 - 100,00 years ago - both used advanced tools, wore clothing, created semipermanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups - spread from europe to africa adn asia - homo sapiens, modern humans, emerger 100,000 to 200,000 years ago
- Paleolithic Era Economy
- old stone arege (10,000 - 2.5 million years ago) - greatest concerns: steadt and plentiful food supply and clothing stone and bone tools included spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, and clay pots - nomadic hunters and gatherers - predates agricultural societies
- paleolithic era - society
- social groups: extended families grew into clans, clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organizations, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures - organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes and bows and arrows -worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifices to gods, goddesses and spirits - expression through art and music - division of labor by gender; men hunted and women gathered
- Neolithic era - origins
- earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates between 10,000 and 8000 BCE called new stone age 8000 - 5000 BCE - domestication of animals and cultivation of crops -people setteled down adn developed complex societies
- neolithic era - culture
- - agriculture allowed for food surplus, which led to an increase in population - permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and away from hunting and gathering - Jericho in modern day israel is an example of one of the world's first villages - early industries began in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles
- Bantu Migrations
- movement of africans across the continent of africa (3000 - 500) - possession of iron metallurgy; tools were used to clear land for agriculture and herding - set up government rule through families and kinship - increased conflict aong bantu led to the formation of organized militaries and formal government
- Bronze age
- metallurgy originated with the use of copper - in the neolithic era copper was combined with tin to create bronze - first used in mesopotamia 4000 - 3000 BCE by 1500 - 1000 BCE craftsmen in mesopotamia developed iron tools and weapons; this technology diffused throughout southwestern asia over time
- Mesopotamia
- located between the tigris and euphrates rivers in modern iraq - knowledge of irrigation led to an increase in food supply ad in population, and by ca 500 BCE sumer was established - first cities include Ur and Babylon - sumerian achievemets included the development of ziggurats, pyramid like temples - large public works projects such as canals and bridges, were undertaken to meet teh needs of society
- nile river civilization
- agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 BCE but egyptian history begins when king menes unites upper and lower egypt - society was ruled by a pharaoh considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the nile - women were responsible for handling household finances, and the education of the children - a woman had teh right to divorce, receive alimony, own property, manage a business and become a priestess Hatshepsut = first female pharoah of egypt - worshipping the dead led to mummification and the building of pyramids - acheivements: written language (hierpglyphics), aper making, field irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, 365 day calendar, architecture
- hammurabi's code
- established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators 1792 - 1750 BCE in the city state of babylon - death penalty for murder, theft, fraud,false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal order, adultery and incest - concept of a consistent set of rules governing society, rather than arbitrary rulers, impacted later civilization
- Assyrian empire
- - government: a combination of administrative techniques and a powerful and intimidating military machine - appointed officers in charge f standardized units on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery, rather than noble birth and connections - horse drawn chariots to conquer standing armies
- iron metallurgy
- experimentation began as early as the fourth millennium BCE - mesopotamians manufactured effective iron and bronze weapons by 1000 BCE craftsmen added carbon to iron to increase strength and produce harder and sharper edges - iron metallurgy spread from mesopotamia to anatolia, egypt, north africa, and other regions - assyrians used iron tools to conquer mesopotamia
- patriarchial society
- basis of mesopotamian and eyptian societies; men made the decisions - men dominated public life: ruled as kings and pharaohs; made decisions about public policy - evidence in hammurabi's code women were punished for adultery by drowning; men could engage in consensual sexual relations outside of marriage without penalty - a man could sell his wife and children into slavery to pay off debt
- origins of writing
- cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in mesopotamia record keeping for trade purposes became necessary as society became increasingly more complex - sumerians developed a writing system based on pictures in which symbols were made on wet clay then baked - egyptians developed hieroglyphs - symbols tht represented sounds and idead
- hebrews
- nomads who originially settled between mesopotamia and egypt - developed between mesopotamia and egypt - about 1300 BCE led by moses, went to palestine, where they established a kingdom, under david and solomon, extending from syria to the sinai peninsula - ten commandmants; teachings that also serve as an ethical code of behavior
- phoenicians
- - lived between eastern mediterranean sea and lebanon, earned a reputation as seafaring traders in the first milennium BCE - established city-states throughout the mediterranean allowed them to dominate trade in teh mediterranean basin - developed writing system of 22 symbols - latin alphabet emerged out of the phoenetic dialect