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- to spay a cat where should you make your incision?
- begin incision at middle third of caudal abdomen
- why is spaying a cat different from dogs?
- the body of the uterus is more caudal and more difficult to exteriorize
- feline roundworm
- Toxacara cati, leoni
- feline hookworm
- Ancylostoma tubaeforma
- lungworm of cats
- Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
- stomach worm of cats
- Ollulanus tricuspus
- tapeworms of dogs and cats
- Dipylidium caninum
- tapeworm
- Spirometra mansinoides
- feline bile and pancreatic duct worm
- Platynosomum concinnum
- how is the cat infected with Platynosomum concinnum?
- infected thru ingestion of infected lizards
- coccidian of cats
- Isospora felis and rivolta
- Etiology of Ear Mites in cats
- Otodectes cynotis
- how is otitis externa different in dogs and cats?
- ear mites are responsible for 50% of otitis externa in the cat (only 5-10% in the dog)
- what prevents further infestation of ear mites in cats?
- Many cats acquire an immune response that prevents further infestation
- What are some Predisposing factors to ear mites?
-
1. Poor conformation – narrow ear canal, hair, floppy, heavy ears
2. Obstruction of canal from acute inflammation or tumor
3. Systemic dzs – Felv, FIV can predispose to otitis externa - why should you acess the tympanic membrane with an ear mite infection?
- – lack of membrane may indicate middle ear dz
- Best treatments for earmites in cats?
- Revolution, Mitaclear, Acarexx or milbemycin oxime
- Fungal cause of otitis externa
- Malassezia most common
- Treatment for a fungal agent causing otitis externa
- Conofite or Tresaderm
- Treatment for a bacterial agent causing otitis externa
-
Gentamycin
Enrofloxacin
Silver sulfadiazine - which of the antibiotics used for otitis externa is oto-toxic?
- Gentamycin
- complication of otitis externa?
- Otitis media
- extra tx for otitis externa complicated by otitis media
- systemic treatments
- Aerobic agents of abcesses?
- Pasteurella multocida, beta hemolytic strept, Bacteroides, Fusiform bacilli, Actinomyces
- name the anaerobic causes of abcesses
- Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococci, Enterobacteria
- How long does it take after initial injury for an abcess to occur?
- 2-4 days
- Antibiotics used for abcesses caused by anaerobic bacteria
- Clindamycin, amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol, Metronizadozole
- Antibiotics used for abcesses caused by aerobic bacteria
- Amoxicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalexin
- Antibiotics used for abcesses caused by clostridium
- high dose penicillin
- what is the etiology for Feline rhinotracheitis virus
- Herpes
- these two agents account for 85-90%of the feline upper respiratory infection complex
- Rhino and calicivirus
- how many feet can a virus travel to infect a cat with resp. dz?
- 4 ft
- Most cats develop a carrier state after acute natural infection with what agents?
- feline rhino, calicivirus and chlamidia
- oropharyngeal vesicles or ulcers caused by resp viruses cause this Clinical sign?
- Hypersalivation
- use these antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections assoc with upper respiratory viruses
- Ampicillin, Amoxi, Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol
- what do you vax against to prevent upper resp inf?
- Rhino and Calici virus only; Chlamidia is not recommended b/c of low incidence in single cat households
- Flea Allergy dermatitis (FAD) is caused by?
- Allergic reaction to bites inflicted by Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, or Pulex irritans
- what causes FAD?
- Caused by hypersensitivity to allergens and haptens in flea saliva
- immune response assoc by Hypersensitivity Type I
- IgE
- immune response assoc by Hypersensitivity Type IV
- cell mediated immunity
- what is the difference between the hypersensitivity rxn to fleas in the cat versus the dog?
- Only immediate hypersensitivity has been reported in the cat (can have immediate and delayed in the dog)
- where are the lesions located with FAD?
- lesions over posterior one third of body
- type of dermatitis on head and neck of cats assoc with FAD
- Miliary dermatitis
- Insect Development Inhibitor used to treat fleas
- Lufenuron/Program
- what can you give for pruritis assoc with FAD?
- give Pred in decreasing doses then stop or continue at lowest effective dose
- is ONLY effective tx for FAD
- Strict flea eradication
- viruses causing conjuncivitis in cats?
- Rhino, Calicivirus
- bacteria causing conjuncivitis in cats?
- Gram positive cocci, coliforms, mycoplasma
- MC foriegn body causing conjunctivitis in cats?
- plant material
- parasites causing conjuncivitis in cats?
- Thelazia, Cuterebra, Dirofilaria
- eyelid diseases causing conjunctivitis?
- trichiasis, distichiasis, ectopic cilia, eyelid masses, tumors, chalazia
- insults to the conjunctiva can cause these things?
- induce vasodilation and neutrophilic/lymphocytic infiltrates
- long term insult to the conjunctiva induces?
- squamous metaplasia of epithelium, loss of conjunctival goblet cells, lymphocytic/plasmacytic infiltrates and lymphoid follicle formation
- used to dx conjunctivits
- Schirmers tear and fluroescein stain; obtain cultures before stain use
- Differentials for conjunctivitis
- sclertis, uveitis, glaucoma, keratitis
- Antihistamines used with conjunctivitis
- Antzoline or Naphazoline
- Antzoline is this type of med?
- H1 antagonist
- Naphazoline is this type of med?
- sympathomimetic
- NSAIDS used for conjunctivitis?
- Flurbiprofen, Suprofen, Diclofenac, Detorolac
- – improves health of cornea and conjunctiva for KCS
- Cyclosporin (Optimmune)
- contraindicated in primary infectious conjunctivits or when corneal ulcer is present
- steroids
- should be used w/ caution in cats w/ conjunctivitis
- Topical corticosteroids or NSAIDs
- why should NSAIDS and steriods be used w/ caution in cats w/ conjunctivitis
- b/c concerns about recrudescent feline herpesvirus
- Bacteria Frequently isolated with cystitis
- E coli, Staph intermedius, Strep, Proteus, Klebsiella or Pseudomonas
- fungi Frequently isolated with cystitis
- Torulopsis, Candida, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Aspergillus
- MC way cystitis is caused
- Ascending through the urethra is most common (but can also be descending or lymphatic in origin)
- Predisposing factors for cystits include...
- steroid tx, catheterization, sx alteration, uroliths, or outflow obstruction
- sequele of cystitis
- pyelonephritis, prostatitis, septicemia, struvites, granulomatous urethrocystitis, polyps, urinary incontinence or emphysematous cystitis
- number of bacteria to dx cystitis
- must be over 10^5 per mL to be detected in urine sediment
- perform this prior to Ab therapy with cystitis
- Urine culture and sensitivity
- used to treat Gram + causes of cystitis
-
penicillins
Clavamox - used to treat Gram - causes of cystitis
- Fluroquinolones or sulfonamides
- First time relapsing UTI: treat how?
- 4-6 weeks of Ab
- treat Subsequent relapsing UTI for how long
- 6-8 weeks
- used to treat fungal causes of cystitis
- Flucytosine
- why do you use Flucytosine to treat fungal causes of cystits?
- achieves high concentrations in urine
- Culture urine after initiation of antibiotics in this amnt of time with cystitis?
- Culture urine 3-5 days after initiation of Ab to ensure proper Ab selection
- obtain urine culture by this method?
- cystocentesis
- how to know if you have effectively treated cystitis?
- Culture again 3-5 days after the drug is discontinued
- How do you monitor for recurrent cystitis infections?
- Culture every 3-6 months to monitor recurrent infections
- Monitor theses pts that may have altered natural host defenses for development of UTI
- persistent catheterization, steroid use, chemotherapy, diabetes mellitus, perineal urethrostomies
- Idiopathic hematuria and dysuria in cats w/ith or without obstruction
- FLUTD
- Causes of Atypical UTI
- fungal, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, parasitic
- What are the recent trends in feline urotlithiasis?
-
1. Decreased struvide stones
2. Reduced frequency of recurrent urethral obstruction needing urethrostomies
3. Persistent inflammatory idiopathic dz regardless of dietary management
4. Increase in Ca oxalate stones - What is the possible viral cause of FLUTD
-
1. Feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV) – not been proven
2. Feline Herpes virus – experimental only
3. Feline calicivirus – perhaps due to calicivirus-like particles in urethral plugs - How common is bacteria as the cause of stones
-
RARE as the primary cause especially in younger cats
In older cats, bacterial UTI is more likely, especially in renal failure cats – up to 25% - What human dz is FLUTD similar
- Intersititial cystitis
- how is FLUTD in cats similar to Intersititial cystitis in humans?
-
1. Unknown etiology
2. Sterile urine
3. Hemorrhagic lesions visible on cystoscopy
4. Some microscopic changes in bladder mucosa
5. Increase mast cells in bladder
6. Decreased urinary GAGs - how is FLUTD in cats different from Intersititial cystitis in humans?
-
1. Persisitent, chronic infection in humans
2. Not usually associated w/ hematureia in women - what does the UA look like on FLUTD cats?
- the UA has blood and is concentrated
- signalment for FLUTD
-
- Young, adult cats 2- 6 years
- Males and females equally
- Neutered cats of both sexes seem to be at increased risk - Males are more likely to become obstructed with this in FLUTD
- muco-crystalline plugs
- time of year that FLUTD is increased risk with outdoor cats
- winter
- what environmental reasons increase the risk for FLUTD?
-
--fat cats that are seditary
--dirty litterboxes cause the cat doesn't wanna pee or poop in dirty boxes so they hold it
--Water intake and urine volume - what diet predisposes cats to FLUTD
- dry cat food because it has high magnesium
- why is there an increased risk of FLUTD in cats with anxiety?
- increase in mast cell and histamine release
- what anatomic feature in the cat predisposes it to FLUTD?
- Vescicourachal remnant or diverticuli may cause incomplete emptying of the bladder
- Tx of FLUTD
-
Nothing
- Most recover is 5-7 days regardless of treatment
- SQ fluids to males to avoid blockage - Contraindicated in cats w/ bacterial UIT or indwelling catheters
- corticosteroids
- with FLUTD only use steroids if....
-
a. Obstruced cats w/ traumatic catheterization
b. Refractory non-bacterial LUTD w/ unhappy client - Used this drug with FLUTD:
- Amitryptyline (Elavil)-Anti-anxiety drug that also is a a mild analgesic, sedative, antihistaminic & anticholinergic
- side effects of amitryptyline
- increased liver enzymes, wt gain, poor hair coat and urine retention
- med used with FLUTD to decrease urethral spasms and therefore decrease pain
- Phenoxybenzamine
- can give this med for pain assoc with FLUTD
- butorphanol
- can give this med for stress assoc with FLUTD
- diazepam
- avoid these foods to prevent FLUTD
-
-Avoid food high in ash & mineral
- Avoid Fish - give this kind of food to prevent FLUTD
- canned food
- what is Pentosan polysulfate and why is it used with FLUTD?
- Pentosan polysulfate is a synthetic polysaccharide that mimics or replaces GAG layer coating the bladder
- what specifically does Pentosan polysulfate do?
-
a. helps prevent adherence of bacteria, crystals or proteins to bladder epithelia
b. limits the mucosal permeability to noxious substances in urine - Antispasmodic agents provide this with FLUTD?
- - Symptomatic relief of pollakiruia, dysuria & stranguria
- Anticholinergic that decrease the frequency of urination
- Oxybutynin, not propantheline
- Alpha antagonists that may minimize resistance in pre-prostatic and prostatic urethra
- Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin
- primary adverse effect with Alpha antagonists
- hypotension
- skeletal muscle relaxants used with FLUTD
- Dantolene or diazepam
- what does flushing the bladder with DMSO or cool saline do?
- stimulate degranulation of mast cells and may ‘exhaust and flush’ sensory neuropeptides & inflammatory mediators
- Avoid this when treating FLUTD
-
- Phenopyridine
- Methylene blue
- Urinary acidifiers
- Abs - spraying of urine occurs on this surface....
- a vertical surface: if pee is on a horizontal surface the cat isn't spraying it is just pissing where it isn't supposed to
- anti-anxiety meds that can decrease the incidence of spraying
- Amitriptyline, Diazempam, Buspirone, Clomipramine, Megestrol acetate
- MC behavior problem in cats
- spraying
- Second MC behavior problem in cats
- aggression
- technical name of declawing a cat
- Onychectomy
- procedure performed to prevent retraction of P3
- Tendonectomy of Deep digital flexor
- Claw remains in retracted position b/c
- dorsal elastic ligament
- Dental Neck Lesions
- feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL), cervical line lesions, feline caries
- pathophys for FORL
- abnormal odontoclast activity
- what do FORL lesions look like?
- appear as cavities in the teeth
- Where do FORL lesions occur?
- at or near the cemento-enamel junction arising from the gingival margin (gumline)
- what causes a resorptive lacunae with FORL?
- · Cavities are lined w/ odontoclasts which are constantly resorpting dental material by degrading dentine by decalcification
- what is the normal function of odontoclasts?
- The normal function of odontoclasts is to remove the roots of deciduous teeth as the permanent teeth erupt and hence the deciduous crown is lost
- how does the lesion occur with FORL?
- – these odontoclasts become reactivated by some stimulus - so it eats a hole in the tooth
- what makes FORL lesions painful?
- The process exposes the dentinal tubules which is extremely painful and granulation tissue proliferates from the gum over the lesion
- what do FORL lesions invade
- invades the enamel or cementum and even the pulp – the root can separate from the crown and the crown will be lost (probe thorugh the area where a root should be)
- only effective treatment for FORL lesions?
- extraction
- what part of GI tract does Toxicara cati infest?
- Small intestine of cats
- 3 modes of transmission of Toxicara cati
-
1. Direct – tracheal migration
2. Ingestion of parantenic host – somatic migration in parantenic host
3. Lactogenic (transmammary) – no migration - Ascarid of both cats and dogs
- Toxacaris leonina
- how is Toxacaris leonine different from T. cati?
- · NO MIGRATION OCCURS
- Three Depths of Corneal Ulcers
-
1. Superficial erosion (corneal epithelium only)
2. Stromal ulcer – both epithelium and some stroma
3. Descemetocele – stroma down to Descemet’s membrane - virus that can case corneal ulcers
- Feline Herpesvirus
- eyelid diseases that can cause corneal ulcers
- distichiasis, ectopic cilia, entropion
- Feline herpes is assoc with what type of resp dz?
- Upper respiratory disease
- where does herpes stay latent at?
- trigeminal ganglia and perhaps corneal cells
- when latent herpes virus is reactivated by stress or topical steroids, what usually happens that is different from initial infection?
- · When virus is reactivated by stress or topical steroids, signs of upper resp infection are usually absent
- virus causing progressive polyarthritis
- Feline Syncytium-forming Virus (FeSFV)
- most cats with Feline Syncytium-forming Virus (FeSFV) also have...
- FelV or FIV;
- how does Feline Syncytium-forming Virus (FeSFV)cause arthritis?
- from chronic antigenic stimulation and immune complex deposition
- other causes of infectious polyarthritis?
- calcivirus, mycoplasmosis
- what causes Erosive polyarthritis (Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis)
-
– it is immune mediated:
deposition of immune complexes in the joint - how do you diagnose Erosive polyarthritis (Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis)
- serology test for Rheumatoid factor (RF) is positive and NEGATIVE for Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
- MC cause of nonerosive polyarthritis?
- systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE)
- SLE has been assoc with...
- diskospondylitis, enteropathy, bacterial endocardiits, and drugs
- Type of Hypersensitivity Rxn with SLE?
- Type III hypersensitivity reaction formation and deposition of immune complexes and autoantibody formation (dx via LE cells
- Dx of SLE?
- positive for ANA and negative for RF
- what is a Trichobezoar
- a hairball
- what type of problem is feline acne?
- Follicular problem –
- where does feline acne MC occur?
- chin
- cause of feline acne?
- Plastic bowls: · Recommend owner to change feed bowls to stainless steel
- Tx of Feline Acne
- Abs (Enrofloxacin, Cephalexin, Tetracycline), Retin A, topical shampoos, Listerine, malacetic wet wipes
- CS include vomiting, anorexia, large or small animal D+, enterocolitis
- Inflammatory Bowel Dz
- induces an infectious enteritis and mesenteric lymphadeopathy
- Feline panleukopenia (feline distemper, feline parvovirus)
- – eosinophilic infiltrates in multiple organs
- Hyperesosinophilic syndrome of cats
- Hyperesosinophilic syndrome of cats from neoplasia?
- mature eosinophils differentiates from neoplasia
- Type of hypersensitivity with food allergies that occurs within minutes to hours after ingestion
- Type I hypersensitivity – within minutes to hours after ingestion
- Type of hypersensitivity with food allergies that occurs within hours to days of ingestion
- Type IV hypersensitivty delayed w/in hours to days of ingestion
- offending allergen in 50% of cats w/ food allergy
- Fish
- type of collitis with food allergies in cats?
- lymphocytic plasmacytic colitis
- food allergy dermatitis won't respond to this tx?
- Lack of response to steroids or other anti-inflammatories
- tx for severe pruitis assoc with food allergy dermatitis?
- pred
- virus induced Cardiomyopathy in cats?
- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- MC cardiomyopathy in cats?
- HCM
- deficiency assoc with DCM in cats?
- taurine
- CS assoc with HCM in cats
-
Middle aged, male cats
Pleural effusion (right sided heart failure)
Tachycardia
Anorexia
Dyspnea
Heart murmurs
Hypothermia
Gallop thyrthm or other arrhythmias
MM are pale and muddy
Easily stressed and fragile
Thrombosis – blood can clot, turbulent flow causing paralysis of rear legs - what dz should you rule out in cats with HCM
- Hyperthyroidism
- heart shape with HCM?
- Biatrial enlargement – ‘Valentine shaped heart’
- seen on ECHO with HCM?
-
a. Very thick papillary muscles
b. Biatrial enlargement – ‘Valentine shaped heart’
c. Endocardial fibrosis
d. Left outflow obstruction
e. SAMMS – HOCM – seen w/ thick, venticular contraction - is HCM a diastolic or systolic dysfunction?
- diastolic dysfunction
- why?
- Need to slow down w/ b blockers or Ca channel blockers
- drug that is contraindicated with HCM
- an ionotrope like digoxin
- used to slow the heart down with HCM
-
a. Atenolol - b
b. Diltiazem - Ca
c. Enalapril – ACE inhibitor
d. Aspirin – prevents thromoembolism - don't use these two cardio drugs at the same time?
- b blockers or Ca blockers
- MC cause of Interstitial Nephritis in all animals?
- Infectious
- 3 infectious agents causing interstitial nephritis in any species
-
1. Lepto
2. E. coli
3. EIA - E. coli causes what kidney dz in calves
- white spotted kidney dz in calves
- Type of Lepto in cattle and pigs?
- L. pomona in cattle and pigs
- Type of Lepto in dogs?
- L. canicola & icterohemorrhagica in dogs
- Explain the pathophys of how Lepto causes interstitial nephritis.
- Lepto causes bacteremia, bacteria migrate out of vessels into lumen of tubules and replicate; reinfect epithelial cells and cause lymphocytic plasmacytic inflammation to antigens of lepto. Antiges die in tubular epithelial cells
- Cats with this disease should be evaluated for hyperthyroidism...
- Cardiomyopathy
- MC (95%) cause of hyperthyroid in a cat....
-
Hyperplastic Thyroid
(Benign Thyroid Adenoma) - Less common (5%) cause of hyperthyroidism...
- Malignant Thyroid Adenocarcinomas
- Cardio CS assoc with Hyperthyroidism in cats?
- Tachycardia & heart murmur (gallop rhythm)
- Clin path with hyperthyroidism
-
Increased Liver Enzymes
Hyperphosphatemia
Increase PCV - What 3 things will you see on a ECG in cats with hyperthyroidism?
-
1. Sinus tachycardia (> 240 bpm)
2. Increased R wave (ventricular concentric hypertrophy)
3. Atrial premature complexes - Best tests to diagnose Hyperthyroidism?
-
T4
T3 Suppression Test - Why not just measure T3 to dx hyperthyroidism?
- T3 is usually elevated anyway
- Why may T4 levels not give you the results you want in suspected hyperthyroidism?
- they fluctuate a lot
- What are three cons of a thyroidectomy to tx hyperthyroidism?
-
1.Patients are an increased anesthetic risk
2. Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism (accidently take out parathyroid)
3. Hyperthyroidism can reoccur – take out capsule, too and leave 1 of the parathyroids - What are some antithyroid meds that can be used to treat hyperthyroidism?
-
1. Tapazol: Methimazole
2. Propylthioouracil (PTU) - how do antithyroid drugs work to tx hyperthyroidism?
- Not cytotoxic but block thyroid hormone synthesis
- Best, Easiest and safest way to treat hyperthyroidism, but is expensive
- Radioactive Iodine
- if radioactive iodine doesn't work to reduce T4 levels in hyperthyroidism, then what does the cat probably have?
- thyroid carcinoma
- MC uroliths in cats and dogs?
- Struvite (Mg ammonium)
- How can UTI's cause struvite uroliths?
- UTIs w/ urease producing bacteria (Staph, Proeus, Ureaplasma) can cause struvites by increasing the amount of ammonium ions and alkalinizing the urine
- if clin path shows Hypercalcemia or acidosis then you probably have this type of urolith?
- Ca oxalate or Ca phosphate calculi
- if alkaline urine then you probably have this type of urolith?
- Struvite
- if in neutral to acid urine then you probably have this type of urolith?
- Ammonium urate and Silica
- this urolith occurs in acid urine
- Cystine calculi
- this urolith can occur at any pH
- Ca oxalate
- often assoc with UTI's
- Struvite
- Most common emergency seen in male cats
- Urinary Obstruction
- blood gases with urinary obstruction shows a.....
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolytes with urinary obstruction show...
- Hyperkalemia
- why is hyperkalemia harmful?
- Hyperkalemia causing life-threatening arrhythmias due to automaticity of SA node
- what do calcium levels do in an obstructed cat?
- hypocalcemia w/o clinical signs b/c phosphorus is so high, so Ca shifts down
- Clin Path with urinary obstruction
-
Increased PCV & TP
Increased Glucose
Increased BUN - type of azotemia with urinary obstruction
- post renal azotemia
- What is the first step in manageing a sick obstructed cat?
- take care of the heart and monitor the hyperkalemia
- fluids used with obstructed cat because have little potassium?
- Lactated Ringers or Normasol R
- fluids to use if severe hyperkalemia from obstruction
- 0.45% NaCl with 2.5% Dextrose with 1 mEq/kg of Sodium Bicarb (NaHCO3)
- three things used to treat hyperkalemia
-
1. Insulin and Dextrose
2. Calcium Gluconate
3. Sodium Bicarb - why is dextrose used in hyperkalemia?
-
shifts K+ into the cell
(glucose pulls potassium out of the blood and into the cell with it) - used to protect the heart in hyperkalemia
- Calcium Gluconate
- What does the sodium bicarb do?
- corrects the acidemia: this will drive the potassium back into the cells
- Step 2 in treating an obstructed cat?
- Anesitize the cat
- good induction for obstructed cat?
- Ket-Val
- Step 3 in treating an obstructed cat?
- Remove the obstruction
- in trying to relieve the obstruction, what do you do?
-
first try to pass a catheter-
try to flush stones back into bladder- - what do you do if the blockage won't pass?
- do a cystocentesis to empty the bladder: only do one stick: use a stop cock for continual removal
- what can be used to reduce urethral spasms
- Dex plus lidocaine
- Step 4 in managing an obstructed cat?
- flush bladder and attach closed drainage system
- how long should you leave the urinary catheter in the cat?
- Leave in place until urine is clear and cat is no longer azotemic
- what occurs after diuresis in cats treated for obstruction?
- Hypokalemia – develops due to solute diuresis
- what should you add to fluids once potassium levels are normal?
- Add 20 mEq KCl to each liter
- Monitor these clin path levels after tx an obstructed cat
- Monitor Na, K, Ca, P, BUN, CREA, PCV & TP
- why must you taper the cat off fluids?
- Must taper off fluids to prevent medullary washout
- what 4 things do you see with hypokalemia?
-
1. Ileus
2. Muscle weakness – plantograde stance
3. Cervico flexion of the neck
4. Respiratory paralysis b/c diaphragm doesn’t work - if a cat reblocks three times what should you do?
- perineal urethrostomy
- hypophosphotemia can cause these two things...
- HEMOLYSIS and muscle weakness
- stones are in the bladder and kidneys (not urethra)
- calcium oxalate
- Associated w/ chronic airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity
- Feline Asthma
- what type of airway obstruction does feline asthma cause?
- A lower airway obstruction
- The difference between allergic bronchitis (found in dogs) and bronchial asthma in cats is...
-
a. Allergic bronchitis – large number of eosinophils in tracheobronchial secretion (seen in dogs); is a Type I hypersensitivity
b. Asthma is acute, spontaneous bronchoconstriction - pathophys of feline asthma...
- The bronchial smooth muscle hypercontracts in response to multiple stimuli inducing hypersecretion of mucus and submucosa edema causing generalized small airway obstruction
- Immune system reponse with Feline Asthma...
- IgE antigen links w/ Ab fixed to mast cells
- mediators causing direct bronchoconstriction in feline asthma...
- histamine, serotonin, PAF, trhomboxane A2, leukotriences and oxygen radicals
- breed predisposition for Feline Asthma?
- Siamese
- Indicates a grave prognosis with feline asthma
- Wheezes and/or crackles on auscultation
- CS with feline asthma
- sudden onset of expiratory effort and wheezing
- See on rads with feline asthma
- at the END of expiration show peribronchial cuffing
- initial treatment for feline asthma
-
Bronchodilators – Terbutaline
Oxygen
Pred