Soc. Stu. Chapter 11
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- Many people settled on the _____ peninsula as well as the many small ____.
- Peloponnesus; islands
- Most ancient Greek people were ______.
- farmers
- Which seas surround Greece? What is it centered on?
- Ionian, Aegean, Mediterranean; Aegean
- How did the geography of Greece effect the development of the early civilizations?
- it divided Greece into closely knit communities; sometimes rivalries between two communities erupted and turned into wars; sea was gateway to the outside world's people, products, and ideas
- Tell a little about some of the landforms you would find in Greece.
- rugged mountains, bays, inlets, small islands, (etc.)
- Greece has a climate similar to ______.
- California
- Farmers raised crops ____. Tell about the planting/harvesting seasons.
- year-round; spring and summer=tending vineyards and olive groves; fall=harvested grapes, olives, planted wheat and barley
- What were the two main Greek crops? Why those specific crops?
- grapes and olives; hilly terrain=ideal for grape/olive growing
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Grain was:
A) very common
B) scarce at times
C) steadily flowing through Greece
Why? - B; less than 1/4 of the land was flat enough for grain to grow
- Tell about earliest Greek civilization. Achievements, leader, trade, (etc.)
- on island of Crete; leader: King Minos; 2000-1400 BC called Minoan Age; developed writing system; created fine artwork; great sailors; traded with Egypt, Phoenicia, and Mesopotamia; master builders; underground plumbing; running water; capital: Knossos
- Tell about the palaces the Minoans built.
- had maze-like series of rooms centered around a courtyard; built 4,000 yrs ago, but still quite advanced
- Tell about the development and fall of the Mycenaean civilization.
- people started to settle on the mainland; started building cities on hilltops; largest was Mycenae; captured rich trade routes; established colonies; gradually became more powerful; defeated Minoans; became dominant civilization; 1400-1100 BC: Mycenaean Age; started to decline; fell to invaders; many citizens fled
- What were the Mycenaean's achievements? Who did the learn them from?
- built ships; built palaces Minoan style; adopted their writing system; the Minoans
- Who moved into the area after the Mycenaeans civilization collapsed?
- the Dorians
- What did the fall of the Mycenaeans begin?
- the Dark Age
- What happened during the Dark Age?
- 1100-800 BC; trade came to standstill; written language disappeared; live in isolated villages
- When did the Greeks start to write again after the Dark Age?
- 800 BC using the Phoenician alphabet
- Describe the rise of city-states and some of their problems.
- population increased during Dark Age; villages grew to cities; trade grew with villages; leaders arose; as they grew, sometimes didnt have enough farmland to support people; began to fight over boundaries, (etc.); many colonists left city-states to find new ones
- The period of time when city-states flourished is often call the:
- Age of Expansion
- What is a city-state?
- a self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding villages and farmland
- What are some of the problems with some of the growing city-states?
- some city-states grew too large they couldn't feed everyone; food shortages caused unrest and discontent; farmers suffered; lost their land to wealthy; many sold themselves into slavery
- ____ stole control from the nobles, but surprisingly they were quite popular because:
- Tyrants; they promised to reform laws, aid the poor; promoted building projects; religious festivals, and allowed people to have a say in government
- What did the tyrants contribute to the development of democracy?
- taught citizens that by uniting behind a leader, they could gain power
- Who was the tyrant that was driven out and not replaced?
- Hippias
- Did everyone like the democracy in Athens? Who? Why?
- no; some wealthy citizens thought it gave too much power to the poor citizens, but most liked system
- Describe the different aspects of Athen's government before and after 500 BC.
- council of 500 random citizens; assembly voted on laws about every 9 days; in law courts, jurors were citizens; interpreted laws and decided whether guilty or innocent; AFTER: institutions open to more people and administered more fairly; government now paid people for services (jurors, etc.); now everyone could afford to take part; most successful democracy (in Greece)
- True or false: Athens was the only Greek city-state that developed a democracy.
- False
- What were the requirements to become a citizen in Athens? (before and after 451 BC)
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1.) male
2.) over age 18
3.) father had to be citizen for the son to be one
LATER CHANGED TO:
4.) father and mother's father had to be citizens - Name the type of Athenian people and the amount that contributes to the population. (all amounts are approximate)
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citizens (45,000/300,000)
wives and chilren (145,000/300,000)
metics or forigners (35,000/300,000)
slaves (75,000/300,000, or rest) - Tell more details about the Athenian metics.
- came from other parts of the Mediterranean; many merchants, artisans, (etc.); could not vote or hold public office
- Did Athenian women have any rights?
- no; could not own land (married or single)
- What was the main economic activity in Athens?
- farming
- Tell about how the tenant farmer system worked in Athens.
- sometimes when a person owned too much land for them to handle, would use tenent farmers or slaves; tenant farmers would lease plots of land from owner and pay rent in crops
- Why did the Athenians stop trading using barter? What replaced it?
- as Athens became a trading center (600 BC), barter became inconvenient; silver coins
- What did the use of coins in Athens help?
- made trade easier; allowed purchase of any product; therefore spurred economy
- True or False (then explain/add details): Wealthy people in Athens would hold their wealth for only a few generations, then lost it.
- true; wealthy citizens were expected to contribute huge amounts of money to government projects; cost of government was high; after about 3 generations, lost all their wealth
- What was good about Athenians not holding their wealth for long periods of time?
- kept money flowing; gave work to merchants and craftsmen
- The Olympics was originally a religious festival honoring the god _____.
- Zeus
- What was the purpose of myths and legends?
- they told the role of the gods; explained natural phenomanons
- Tell about Zeus' role.
- father of the gods; rules entire world; stern, commanding and powerful; set standards of justice; made sure everyone followed them; controlled weather; punished with bolts of lightning
- The brother of Zeus, Poseidon, is the god of the ___.
- sea
- Zeus' wife, ____, is the goddess of ____.
- Hera; marriage
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VOCABULARY:
democracy - a system of government in which people rule, either directly or through elected representatives
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VOCABULARY:
monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch-king, queen, or emperor-is the sole and absolute ruler
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VOCABULARY:
oligarchy - a system of government in which a few people rule
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VOCABULARY:
tyrant - a ruler who has total power, not limited by a constitution or by other officials
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VOCABULARY:
barter - a system of trading in which people exchange goods or services directly, without the use of money
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VOCABULARY:
ephor - one of five elected officials who supervise the kings of ancient Sparta
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VOCABULARY:
helot - a state slave in ancient Sparta
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VOCABULARY:
sanctuary - a place of worship such as a church, temple, or mosque
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VOCABULARY:
tragedy - a serious drama in which the hero is brought to defeat by a character flaw
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VOCABULARY:
comedy - a humorous play that has a happy ending
- True or False: The gods worshiped differed from city-state to city-state.
- False; everyone worshiped Zeus and his family of gods
- During the Dark Age, written language disappeared. How do we still know Greece's early history?
- oral tradition; IMPORTANCE OF HOMER'S ODYSSEY!!! he was the 1st (or most impacting) person who wrote down anything about what Greece was like before the Dark Age, after the Dark Age
- How did the Greeks worship their gods?
- prayed to specific gods for different needs; made (animal) sacrifices before sports, long voyages, (etc.); built sanctuaries in areas of worship
- Ares, Zeus' son, was the god of ____.
- war
- ____, the god of wine, was another of Zeus' sons.
- Dionysus
- Apollo was the god of: He also drove the ___ _____.
- light/health/healing/prophecy; sun chariot
- Olympia is a sanctuary to ___. Details.
- Zeus; birthplace of Olympics; thought gods liked watching games
- True or False: Delphi is a sanctuary to Hera.
- false; Apollo
- Why did some people leave their valuables at Delphi?
- site so sacred, no one would even think about robbing it
- Why is Delphi so famous?
- famous oracle; Priests interpreted predictions that were hard to understand; people often got clouded advise; people came from near or far for advise
- Tell about the story of the oracle at Delphi.
- in war against Persia; military officials sought advise; oracle said "wooden walls" would save Athens; thought this meant to build more wooden ships; these ships allowed Athenians to escape from Salasaris and defeat the Persians.
- ____ is another famous sanctuary to Apollo. (HINT: also his birthplace)
- Delos
- True or False: The Olympic Games was the only athletic compitition held in honor of a god.
- false; Apollo had one, along with many others
- True or False: Eleusis was the site of the sanctuary to Demeter.
- True
- Who is the god/goddess of grain?
- Demeter
- Farmers would make annual _____ to Demeter every ____ and ____ season.
- pilgrimages; planting; harvest
- People would have special religious practices toward the goddess Demeter. What does this show?
- the importance of agriculture
- Twice a year, writers would compose plays for a special festival, dedicated to _____.
- Dionysus
- One of the most _____ contributions of the Greeks were the ____ performed at the festival for the wine god.
- lasting; plays
- ____ were the most popular form of play.
- tragedies
- Tell a little about the Greek play festival.
- most told stories about gods or heroes; combined religion with entertainment; plays presented from dawn to dusk; 3 days of tragedies; 1 day for comedies; all businesses closed for it; in open-air ampitheater; city released prisoners from jail so they could watch; jury of citizens judged plays; awarded ivy crowns to winning plays
- Tell about the legend of Phidippides.
- was fastest runner in Athenian troops; ordered to run to Sparta to ask for assistance in Persian war; due to religious festival, could not come for 5-7 days; Athenian general decided to attack without assistance; attacked Persiansin Marathon; won; Phidippides ran back from battle; spread good news then dies
- Tell about the Dorians rule in Sparta.
- ruled for about 100 yrs; enslaved former inhabitants; people in nearby towns still free, but forced to serve in army; slave population a LOT > citizen population; feared uprising of slaves; built strong army; some spent all of life in military
- Tell about the Spartan government.
- began as monarchy; 2 tribes=2 leaders; gradually had 30 man senate; kings still had little more power; senators had to be > or = to 60; members elected by citizens; all citizens belonged to assembly that couldn't propose laws, only vote on them; senate and ephors proposed laws
- Why isn't the Spartan government considered a democracy?
- even if assembly voted against law, often ignored vote; power was really in hands of a few families; families dominated senate and controlled ephors
- What were the requirements to become a citizen in Sparta?
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1.) male
2.) landowner
3.) > 30 yrs - What occupations could Spartan men have?
- only soldiers
- The ____ around Sparta provided trade/craft items.
- people
- True or False (and add details): The Spartans tried to explore technology as much as they could, so they could relax as much as possible.
- false; led very simple lives; luxury items were forbidden for long time
- How was the Spartan land distributed?
- every citizen recieved plot of land from government; helots farmed it and received some crops as wages; gave rest of crops to owner; owner gave some to government
- A Spartan lost their citizenship if they could not pay for their _____.
- meals (government provided citizen with daily meals)
- What happened when a Spartan baby was born?
- government came to inspect it; considered unhealthy, left in cave to die; wanted only babies that would grow to strong adults
- Make a "timeline" of how a Spartan boys' life would be like.
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age 7: leave parents to live in barracks with other boys; government takes over education and controls life; training harsh; emphasized physical skills; slept on floor; wore light clothes; beaten, even if obedient
Age 18: devote time to army
Age 30: completes military training; gains full citizenship; eats with soldiers no matter what (marrige) - Did Spartan girls get educations? Athenian girls?
- yes; thought girls had to be strong to bear healthy kids; no; learned most from mothers
- The Spartans thought _____ made boys stronger.
- hardships
- Tell a little about Spartan entertainment.
- had chorus contests at religious festivals; dance contests
- Make a "timeline" of an Athenian boys' life.
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Age 7: began school; lived at home; learned reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, music, dance; devoted some time to athletics
Age 18: joined army for 2 yrs of military training
Age 20: at graduation, recieved shield and spear; joined reserve force (called to duty during war) - An Athenian's education continues throughout their life. Why is this statement true?
- because of rich culture; would discuss myths, gods, poetry (Homer); watched plays; (etc.)
- True or False: During the 300s BC, wealthy adults could continue schooling.
- true
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____ is famous for military background.
What did it's strong military background do? - Sparta; stregnthen society
- Athens is famous for its ______ and _____.
- democracy; freedom
- Tell about Persia.
- built empire in Middle East; stretched from Egypt to Indus River; brought region under one empire/ruler; began to extend boundaries toward Greece (about 500 BC)
- Tell about the Persian War at Marathon.
- the Persians (or King Darius) wanted to punish Athens for sending aid to the struggling city-states near the border of Greece that were fighting against Persians; Athens won; Persians fled unwillingly
- Tell about the second Persian War (Xerxes).
- returned 10 yrs later after 1st war under rule of Xerxes; Persians=200,000 soldiers; Greeks=a lot less; Athenians bounded with Spartans; sent 7,000 men to guard Thermopylae (mountain pass); Greek traitor led Persians over secret path; attacked Greeks from behind; most fled to island Salamis (in the boats that the oracle talked about); about 300 Spartans saved the rest and fought to the death; Persians burned much of Athens
- Tell about the battle at Salamis.
- about 1 month after battle at Thermopylae; Greek ships clustered at island; Persians divided fleet and sent some around to cut off Greeks; these boats did not arrive in time for battle; Greeks left island; Persians sailed between a passage; Persians prepared to attack; Greeks turned around and attacked 1st; Greeks sank about 1/2 of Persian fleet
- What happened in the last Persian battle?
- at Plataea; Greeks overwhelmed Persians; defeated them
- The early Greeks traded with: How? What did this cause?
- Sicily, Black Sea (grains), Egyptians, (etc.); by sea (location); extensive contacts with advanced cultures led to spread of ideas that spurred development of Greek civilization