World Geography Finals
Terms
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- buddhism
- a religion that originated in India around 500 BC and spread to China; it grew into a major religion
- Islam
- monotheistic religion based on the teachings og Muhammed; major religion in North Africa
- Taoism
- philosophy based on the book Tao Te Ching and the teachings of Lao-Tzu, who lived in China in the 6th century BC; believed in preserving harmony in the individual, with nature, and universal, and no government interference
- Confucianism
- movement based on the teachings of Confucious (500BC); stressed the importance of education in an ordered society, respect owed to elders, and obeying the government
- Judaism
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oldest of the southwest religions, concentrated in Israel( established around 3200 years ago); oldest monotheistic religion, long tradition of faith, culture
holy book=Torah
holy city=Jerusalem - Hiduism
- dominant religion in India
- Pillars of Islam
- prayer (5x a day), faith (only one god, Allah), charity (taking care of poor), pilgrimage (to holy city of Mecca), and fasting (during month of Ramadan, from sunrise to sunset)
- Population density
- the average number of people who live in a measurable area, found by dividing the number of people by the amount of land occupied
- urbanization
- the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result
- Push Pull factors
- factors that cause people to leave their homes (push) and factors that attract people to a region (pull)
- Immigrant
- a person who leaves their home country and settles permanently in a new country
- migration
- the movemnt of peoples within a country of region
- rate of natural increase
- "population growth rate"-the rate at which population is growing, foound by subtracting mortality rate from birthrate
- birthrate
- the number of live births per total population, often expressed per thousand population
- mortality rate
- the number of deaths per thousand
- population pyramid
- a graphic device that shows gender and age distribution of a population
- continental drift theory
- the theory that all continents were once joined into a supercontinent that split apart over millions of years
- debt-for-nature-swap
- a debt-reducing deal wherein an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rain forest
- gross national product
- the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a period of time
- gross domestic product
- (GDP) the value of only goods and services produced within a country in a period of time
- command economy
- type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production (planned economy)
- per capita income
- the average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit
- recession
- an extened period of decline in general business activity
- 5 themes of geography
- location (where is it?), place (what is it like?), region (how are places similar or different?), movement (people/ideas etc move from one location to another), human environment interaction ( people relate to physical world)
- deforestation
- the cutting down and clearing away of tress and forests
- longitude lines
- a set of imaginary lines that go around the earth over the poles, dividing it east and west. the Prime meridian is labeled 0 degree line
- latitude lines
- a set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator, amd that are used in locating places north or south. equator = 0 degree line
- Equator
- the imaginary line that encircles the globe, dividing the earth into northern and southern halves
- political map
- shows features on the earth's surface that humans created (ie cities, states, provinces, territories, countries)
- physical map
- helps you see types opf landforms and bodies of water found in a specific area (colors/shading indicates elevation)
- shape, size, location
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shape: the shape of a country or region
size: the area of a country or region
location: longitude and latitude of an area - artificial boundary
- a fixed line generally following latitude or longitude lines
- natural boundary
- based on physical features of the land (ie rivers, lakes, mountains)
- absolute location
- the exact place on earth where a geographic feature is found
- relative location
- describes a place in relation to other places around it
- animism
- belief in divine forces in nature (traditional)
- polytheism
- belief in many gods
- theocracy
- form of government in which religious leaders control government, relying on relgious law and consultation with religious scholars
- dictatorship
- type of government in which an individual or a group holds complete political power
- democracy
- type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives
- monarchy
- type of government in which a ruling family headed by a king or a queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizens
- communism
- system in which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of production
- pandemic
- a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area
- Apartheid
- a policy of complete seperation of the races, instituted by the white minority government of South Africa
- AIDS
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), destroys immune system
- Berlin Conference
- a conference of 14 European nations held in 1884-1885 in Berlin, Germany, to establish rules for political control of Africa
- Chernobyl
- site of a nuclear power plant near Kiev, in Ukraine, where there was a catashropic accident in 1986
- ethnic group
- a group of people who share language, customs, and a common heritage
- stateless nation
- a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy ie Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques
- Nation-state
- the name of a territory when a nation and a state occupy the same territory
- dialect
- a version of a language that reflects changes due to class, region, or cultural changes
- economy
- the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people
- economic system
- the way people produce and exchange goods
- polygamy
- condition or practice allowing a person to have more than one spouse
- caste system
- the Aryan system of social classes in India and one of the cornerstones of Hinduism in which each person is born into a caste and can only move into a different caste through reincarnation
- acculturation
- the cultural change that occurs when individuals in a society accept or adopt an innovation
- one child policy
- in china, where families are encouraged to have only one child to reduce population growth. governments offer certain rewards for having only one child such as paying for education, healthcare, etc.
- Rai
- a kind of popular Algerian music developed in the 1920s by poor urban children that is fast-paced with danceable rhythms; was sometimes used as a form of rebellion to expose political unhappiness
- Yurts
- a tent of central Asia's nomads
- Anti-Semitism
- discrimination against the Jewish
- sweatshop
- a workplace where people work long hours for low pay under poor conditions to enrich manufacturers
- Nelson Mandela
- one of the leaders of the African National Congress who led a struggle to end apartheid and was elected president in 1994 in the first all-race election in South Africa
- Ghandi
- great Indian leader who started a nonviolence movement to grant India its freedom from Britain
- Dalai Lama
- the traditional government rule and highest priest (of Buddhism) of Tibet and Mongolia
- Mao Zedong
- the leader of the Communists in China who defeated the Nationalists in 1949; died in 1976
- Yasser Arafat
- leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1929-2004); Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 after signing Oslo peace agreement loved by palestinians, hated by israelis
- Kashmir
- a region of northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought
- Tibet
- upland area in south west China that was conquered by the Mongols then by the Chinese, found between Himalayan and Kunlun Mountains
- Chechnya
- one of the republics that remains a part of russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union despite independence movements and violent upheaval