Palmer's APHG Unit 2
Unit 2 Population & Migration
Terms
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- Guest Workers
- Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East.
- Distance Decay
- When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them.
- Underpopulation
- it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population. Unlike overpopulation, it does not refer to resources but to having enough people to support the local economic system. If there are not enough tax payers, then the area cannot continue.
- Carry capacity
- This is the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area will be able to support.
- Counterurbanization
- Migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities.
- International Migration
- Permanent Movement from one country to another.
- Cyclic movement
- Also known as circulation; trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle on a daily, monthly, or annual basis
- Age Distribution
- (Population pyramid) is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristic of a country, whether high guest worker population, they just had a war or a deadly disease and more.
- Disease diffusion
- There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.
- Refugee
- People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.
- Arithmetic density
- total number of objects in an area. Used to compare distribution of population in different countries.
- Sustainability
- providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future. Relates to development that meets today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Undocumented immigrants
- Also known as illegal immigrants; migrants who enter a country without proper documentation.
- Interregional Migration
- Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.
- Transhumance
- Seasonal migration of live stock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
- Maladaption
- This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it.
- Brain Drain
- Large-scale emigration by talented people (usually from peripheral areas to core areas)
- Epidemiological transition model
- This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. This is important because it can explain how a countries population changes so dramatically and more.
- Standard of living
- refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population. Higher standards of living are found in MDC's rather than LDC's. Can help trace development.
- Migration Transition
- Changes in a society comparable to those in the Demographic Transition Model. International migration is typically of Stage 2 countries; Internal migration is more important in Stage 3 & 4 countries. Stage 1 country populations are unlike to make permanent moves, but do have a high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food and water.
- Demographic momentum
- this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
- Agricultural density
- the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. May mean a country has inefficient agriculture.
- Internal Migration
- Permanent movement within a particular country.
- Gravity Model
- Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
- Step Migration
- a series of small, less extreme locational changes are steps. For example, if a person moves from a farm to a small town, then to a larger town and finally a city, it is an example of step migration.
- Natality
- (Crude Birth Rate) This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society. This is important because it tells you the rate a country is having babies as well as how fast you can expect that population to grow.
- Infant mortality rate
- (IMR) The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Its is expressed as the annual number of deaths among infants among infants per 1000 births rather than a percentage. This is important because it tell how developed a country is, if they have a high IMR they are an LDC and if it is low they are an MDC.
- Overpopulation
- relationship between the number of people on Earth, and the availability of resources; a.k.a carrying capacity
- Sex ratio
- the number of males per hundred females in the population. Depends on birth and death rates, immigration. Men have higher death rates but also higher birth rates. Immigration usually means more males because they can make the journey.
- Space-Time Prism
- The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time. A given location may be near an individual, but if a person cannot allocate enough time to travel to it, spatial proximity alone will not be enough to allow the person to visit it.
- Neo-malthusian
- theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food
- Intervening Opportunity
- An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.
- Rate of natural increase
- the percentage by which a population grows in a year. CBR-CDR = NIR Excludes migration. Affects the population and a country's or area's ability to support that population.
- Intraregional Migration
- Movement WITHIN one region of a country.
- Push-Pull Factors
- Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.
- Demographic equation
- The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.
- Cohort
- Population of various age categories in an age-sex population pyramids. This is important because this can tell what state this country it is whether in Stage 3 or Stage 5 in the demographic transition model.
- Population pyramid
- a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide
- Quotas
- Maximim limits on the number of people who could immigrated to the United States from each country during a one-year period.
- Doubling time
- The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important because it can help project the countries population increase over the years and when its population will double.
- Dependency ratio
- The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example the larger population of dependents, the greater financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot.
- Voluntary Migration
- Implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement
- Physiological density
- number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food.
- Population distributions
- the arrangement of a feature in space is distribution. Geographers identify the three main properties as density, concentration, and pattern
- Zero population growth
- when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero. Often applied to countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition model.
- Demographic regions
- Cape Verde is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition.
- Malthus, Thomas
- Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.
- Intervening Obstacle
- An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
- Mortality
- There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The IMR reflect a country's health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live. This is important because you can use a countries mortality rate to determine important features about a country.
- Rural-Urban Migration
- Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.
- Demographic Transition model
- Has 5 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population group. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.
- Chain migration
- when one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after. Mostly seen from Mexico to the United States when guest workers set up homes and make money for their family to follow them.
- Ecumene
- The proportion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because its tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.
- Forced Migration
- People removed from there countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government.