AP Human Geography III
spatial
Terms
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- Ethnic enclave
- a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture
- Buddhism
- a universalizing religion, primarily of eastern and central Asia, based on teachings of Siddhartha Guatama, the Buddha, that suffering is inherent in all life but can be relieved by mental and moral self purification
- Genetic drift
- a chance modification of gene composition occurring in an isolated population and becoming accentuated through inbreeding
- Behavioral (cultural) assimilation
- process of integration into a common cultural life through acquisition of the sentiments, attitudes, and experiences of other groups
- Structural assimilation
- the distribution of immigrant ethnics among the groups and social strata of a host society,, but without their full behavioral assimilation into it
- Islam
- a monotheistic, universalizing religion that includes belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Mohammed as his prophet completing the work of earlier prophets of Judaism and Christianity
- Material culture
- the tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies
- Linguistic geography
- the study of local variations within a speech area by mapping word choices, pronunciation, or grammatical constructions
- Ethnicity
- ethnic quality, affiliation with a group who's racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics or national origins distinguish it from a larger population within which it is found
- Official language
- a governmentally designated language of instruction, of government, of the courts, and other official public and private communication
- Folkways
- the learned manner of thinking and feeling and a prescribed mode of conduct common to a traditional social group
- Shamanism
- a form of tribal religion based on belief in a hidden word or gods, ancestral spirits, and demons responsive only to a shaman, or interceding priest
- Creole
- a language developed from a pidgin to become native tongue of a society
- Polytheism
- belief in or worship of many gods
- Ghetto
- a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority
- Language
- the system of words, their pronunciation, and methods of combination used and mutually understood by a community of individuals
- Lingua franca
- any of various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken; literally, "Frankish language"
- Secularism
- a rejection of or indifference to religion and religious practice
- Caste
- one of the hereditary social classes in Hinduism that determines one's occupation and position in society
- Multilingualism
- common use of two or more languages in a society or country
- Toponym
- a place name
- Host society
- the established and dominant society within which immigrant groups seek accommodation
- Standard language
- a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue
- Amalgamation theory
- in ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups
- Hinduism
- an ancient and now dominant value system and religion of India, closely identified with Indian culture but without central creed, single doctrine, or religious organization
- Tribal (traditional) religion
- an ethnic religion specific to a small, localized preindustrial culture group
- Taoism
- a Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing conformity to Tao, the creative reality ordering the universe
- Chain migration
- process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers
- Monotheism
- belief that there is but a single God
- Race
- a subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics
- Popular/Vernacular region
- region perceived and defined by its inhabitants usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname
- Built environment
- the part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
- Christianity
- a monotheistic, universalizing religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and of the Bible as sacred scripture
- Isogloss
- a mapped boundary line marking the limits of a particular linguistic feature
- Ethnic group
- people sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language, or race
- Dialect
- a language variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differences from other variants of the same common language
- Ethnocentrism
- conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group
- Popular culture
- the constantly changing mix of material and nonmaterial elements available through mass production and the mass media to an urbanized heterogeneous nontraditional society
- Tipping point
- the degree of neighborhood racial or ethnic mixing that induces the former majority group to move and rapidly
- Cluster migration
- a pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of distinctive social or ethnic group
- Acculturation
- cultural modification or change that results when one culture groups or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through "borrowing"
- Social dialect
- language variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differences from other variants of the same common language, are indicative of socioeconomic or educations levels
- Assimilation
- a two-part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society
- Shinto
- the polytheistic, ethnic religion of Japan that includes reverence of deities of natural forces and veneration of the emperor as descendent of the sun-goddess
- Protolanguage
- an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language
- Ethnic Island
- a small rural area settled by a single, distinctive ethnic group that placed its imprint on the landscape
- Culture rebound
- the readoption by later generations of culture traits and identities associated with immigrant forebears or ancestral homelands
- Confucianism
- a Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing ethics, social morality, tradition, and ancestor worship
- Adaptation
- 1) Generic modification making a population more fit for existence under specific environmental conditions 2) in immigration, the term summarizes how individuals, households, and communities respond and adjust to new experiences and social and cultural surroundings
- Speech community
- a group of people having common characteristic patterns of vocabulary, word arrangement, and pronunciation
- Ethnic religion
- a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it
- Segregation
- a measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population
- Nonmaterial culture
- the oral traditions, songs, and stories of culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors
- Colony
- in ethnic geography, an urban ethnic area serving as point of entry and temporary acculturation zone for a specific immigrant group
- Syncretism
- the development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements
- Universalizing religion
- a religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind
- Judaism
- a monotheistic, ethnic religion first developed among the Hebrew people of the ancient Near East; its determining conditions include descent from Israel, the Torah, and tradition
- Toponymy
- the place names of a region or, especially, the study of place names
- Ethnic province
- a large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group
- Vernacular house
- an indigenous style of building constructed of native materials to traditional plan, without formal drawings
- Vernacular
- a language or dialect spoken by the common people of a region
- Animism
- the belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, possess souls
- Charter group
- in plural societies, the early arriving ethnic group that created the first effective settlement and established the recognized cultural norms to which other, later groups expected to conform
- Ethnic geography
- the study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based
- Folklore
- oral traditions of a folk culture, including tales, fables, legends, customary observations, and moral teachings
- Custom
- the body of traditional practices, usages, and conventions that regulate social life
- Folk culture
- the body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective, wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group
- Geographic (regional) dialect
- study of local variations within a speech area by mapping word choices, pronunciation, or grammatical constructions
- Language family
- a group of languages though to have descended from a single, common ancestral tongue
- Religion
- a personal or institutionalized system of worship and of faith in the sacred and divine
- Social distance
- a measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities
- Pidgin
- an auxiliary language derived, with reduced vocabulary and simplified structure, from other languages