MSA 2301 ch. 1
Terms
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- Communication Media
- defining characteristic of US political, social, and cultural systems
- Face-to-Face Communication
- no intervening technology or interpersonal communication
- Good Communication
- talking through things and finding where your view and my view intersect
- Interpersonal Communication
- face to face
- Mass Communication
- sharing ideas across a large audience either at a given point or through an extended time frame
- Shannon-Weaver Model
-
- process applies to all human communication
- illustrates aspects of mediated communication process - Semantic Noise
-
interference created by lang. or interruption
- less likely reduced (involves underlying meaning)
ex: to some a good grade means A and others B - Channel Noise
- technical or physical interference
- Limited Feedback
- mediated communication allows this type of little or no feedback
- Sources of Communication
- writer of a letter, reporter, newscaster, public speaker, author of a textbook, web page designer
- Message
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idea coded into symbols
- words, drawings, gestures
ex: letter, news story, novel, textbook, web page, tv program, movie - Channel
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system used to physically transfer the message
ex: postal service for a letter, telephone, tv, human voice, internet, newspapers, books, magazines, public relations - Receiver
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person who gets message
ex: reader of a letter, listener in conversation, reader of newspaper, web surfer, tv viewer, radio listener - Noise
- disrupts or distorts the message
- 3 Ways a Receiver Responds to a Message
- verbal, visual, tactile (ex: punching someone)
- Real Feedback
- face-to-face communication offers an opportunity for this type of feedback
- 3 Purposes of Mass Media
- inform, entertain, persuade
- Mass Media
- carries a message to many receivers
- What Size Audience constitutes a mass?
-
10 million Households watching E.R.
5000 readers of smalltown newspaper
200 hits on a student's web pg
- all the readers of the Bible/centuries - Example of Mass Media as Extended Time Frame
- movies
- Gatekeeper
- journalists tend the gates that control the flow of info.
- Gatekeeper's Job
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- control flow of info.
- tell you what news you need to know (not necessarily want to)
ex: often newspaper editor or program editor that approves stories to be heard/read) - Media Literacy
- understanding the impact of a communicator
- Importance of Media Literacy
- understanding the media protects viewers from misrepresentation and ethical related issues arising
- Wesley-Maclean Model
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- Modified
- uses a source (witness, interview)
- interviewer wants to get truth to public - Early History
- oral history, beating drums, Pi Sheng printed books in 1041 in China, Marco Polo brought the concept to Europe, transcribed manuscripts, 1430 Gutenberg invents movable type, reading becomes the norm
- What did Pi Sheng do and when?
-
printed books in China in 1041
(used wooden blocks w/ characters) - Marco Polo
- brought Pi Sheng's idea to Europe
- Who usually transcribed Manuscripts?
- friars, abbots in a church or abby (usually the Bible)
- Gutenberg
- 1430 invented movable type by carving type and multiple letters and moving/ taking apart and rearranging them
- Lore
- oral history (very important to understand history of the world)
- North American Evolution of Mass Media
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Books and Printing from England
Newspapers Thrived
Prior Restraint-Crown Lisc.Press
Postal Routes
Technology - In North America, why did books and printing come from England?
- when America started there was no printing press so came from Eng
- Why did Newspapers thrive?
- b.c people wanted daily infor. about constant advances
- What is Prior Restraint?
-
- Crown liscenced press
- England had to approve of everything printed in Amer. - Technology in Communication (Dates)
-
Telegraph - Morse 1844
Radio - Marconi 1890
TV - Filo Famsworth 1926 (England Baird)
Motion Pics - Early 1900's
(required electric light and film)
Computers and Internet
Convergent Media - Morse
- telegraphy (HUGE) 1844
- Marconi
- radio 1890
- Filo Farmsworth/Baird
- tv 1926 (Baird in Eng)
- Motion Pics
- early 1900's
- In a free market system, what motivates consumer and adv. markets?
- profit
- What are the 3 Communication Markets?
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- Deliver info. to consumer
- Sell attention of consumers to advertisers
- Marketplace of Ideas (influence) - How are Media organized?
- in market systems by evaluating demand for info and supplying content to fill that demand
- Media Organizations
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- publicly or privately owned
- individual or as a group - Demand (4 factors)
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- individual needs (food, clothing, shelter) or even (traffic and new restaurants)
- geography (what's near you)
- economy (depends on what econ. is doing)
- technology (cell phones with cameras) - Demand Structure (3)
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- consumer market (household decisions like products, car prices that ppl consume)
- advertising market (lowest cost affecting largest markt. like ppl that sell products)
- market place of ideas (society maintains itself ex: blogs) - Who supplies content?
- media organizations
- Steps to Supplying Content
-
generate content
produce content in qty
deliver to user
generate financial support
product promoted
process managed - Supply in the Markets (3)
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- consumer market (charge consumers, rely on adv.)
- adv. market (sell time and space ex: broadcast) and increase ads with product placement)
- market place of ideas (all sources of info.) - Supply and Demand interaction (process)
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- consumer demands info.
- media provides info. for money
- consumer gets useful info (often fails)
- media makes profit
- tech impacts cost (less cost to consumer) - Cyclical System
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- magazines publish on a cycle
- tv broadcasts on cycle (yearly, new prog. in fall) - Social Effect
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critics think media corrupts
- violence in TV/violence in society - Political Effect
- voters are influenced by physical features (tend to elect more attractive, tall, not bald)
- International Supply and Demand
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- Multinational ownership (produced for domestic and foreign consumers)
- Content in various regions
- Style and Regulation of Reporting - Marshall McLuhan
- Global Village
- Cultural Imperialism
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- western media effect
- erosion of nat'l identities
- US media control - Functions of Media
-
Harold Lasswell (Statement of Functions 1948)
- Surveillance of the Environment (looking around and seeing what's going on)
- Correlation of Parts of Society (helps explain cultural interaction)
- Transmission of Culture (media works as this ex: in NY transmits culture as NYers) - Harold Lasswell
- political scientist who came up with the statement of functions for media in 1948
- Statement of Functions of Media
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1- Monitor Environment
everyday: sports scores, stock prices
extraordinary: war in Iraq, disasters
2- decision making (collecting info from various sources and exploring options)
3- solicit cultural interaction (talk to ppl and get a pulse of neighborhood feels about things) - Individual Uses of Functions of Media
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- surveillance (news)
- decision making (collecting info. for it)
- social and cultural interaction (defines, identifies, and maintains membership in groups) - Other Individual Uses
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- Diversion (entertainment)
- Self Understanding (insight into behavior and attitudes helping develop our worldview concerning moral issues to adhere to and important things in life ex: seeing some wonderful things happening)