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Industrial Revolution and its 4 main changes.: A transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its 4 main changes were Technology, Urbanization, Capitalism and Expansion of global markets and competition.
Technologies: Rapid development of technology and production, new energy sources.
Urbanization: Rural to urban migration faster. Larger city populations.
Capitalism: Structures the economy and social affairs.
Expansion of global markets: Integration with the rest of the world, european dominant economic system. Resources, markets, colonies, gold.
Urban crisis: New living environments, concentration of poverty and bad living conditions. Cholera and Typhus epidemics. Leads to some solutions like communism socialism and anarchism, municipal reform etc.
Urrban refrorm: Urban reform was an achievable solution to the problem of the urban crisis by politicians.
Most notable are garden cities, water supply, sewers, housing and parks. Growth for indus. city and system without radical changes to political economy.
Public infrastructure and housing: Urban crisis led to realization for public good, need a good public sector. Pragmatic response to stop revolutions, epidemics, economic growth and health. It includes water supply, sewers, garbage, paving, fire, police, schools, parks.
Toronto in the 19th century: Streetcars. Rapid growth second half of 19th century. Annexing suburbs. Urban form shaped by unplanned street grids and the streetcar network. Streetcars created controversy because they refused to extend lines into new areas.
Modernity: Set of ideas based in the european enlightenment that sees traditional societies as stagnant and unchanging. Industrial and technological processed optimism
3rd urban revolution: Transforming cities around the world.
-Very rapid urban growth, fastest. Partly from demographic transitions and economic change to promote urbanization.
-Service sector
Urban ecology: The idea of studying cities as ecosystems.
-Cities special ecosystems created by people
-Not empty space, give niches and habitats
-Support plants and animal systems
-Breed diseases
Cities are seen as ecosystems with inputs, metabolic processes and outputs: Huge inputs and outputs, structured by production, delivery, consumption and waste emission.
-Inputs and outputs measured by public policy.
-Big issue of quantity and quality
-Now relates to flows through cities, how inputs are transformed and quality of outputs.
Megacities represent a new urban reality: 10 million + population.
-Found in developing countries.
-Number of them growing rapidly.
- Population and urbanization projections for next 40 years known.
-Qualitatively different urban form because of pollution, congestion, economy, land values, governance.
Cities are spatially differentiated: Spatial sorting
-Wealth, race, ethnicity, religion, occupation, age, sexual preference
-Spatial sorting can be voluntary or involuntary
-Toronto shows this a lot, dramatic sorting of populations
- Wealth is a major factor
Urban sprawl: Lower density development at urban fringe than in existing city.
-Automobile dependende
- Leapfrog patterns of development, minimum public open space
-Unplanned development
-Sprawl consequence of rapid urbanization
Cities are a key to sustainable future: We all want sustainability, but don't want to give up benefits of modern life.
-Cities offer more efficient use of resources
-We need to know how to quantify the opportunities to make smart choices that improve long term health of humans and ecosystems.
The garden city: Ebenezer Howard proposed it in his book "Tommorrow"
-Influenced garden cities and town planning movements
-New towns, greenbelts, suburban housing design
Letchworth and Welwyn two towns before ww2
Utopias, Dystopias and the city: Utopias are visions or proposals for an ideal society.
-Social problems caused by urban conditions, poor housing, pollution, congestion. Building new city solution
-They're urban, lots of open space and straight lines, order.
Modern movement and CIAM were the major utopian projects: Le Corbusier, plan voisin for paris, ville radieuse apparent utopian thinking.
-Demolish cities, build new one
-"Towers in a park", separate pedestrians and cars
-Design solutions to social, economic and political issues
Problems with utopian solutions to urban issues: Oversimplified.
-Simple solution to complex problems.
-Blank slate, Tabula rasa requires new town or complete demolition
-Naive assumptions about human nature
The gloal economy is increasingly articulated through the urban system: World cities organize global economy.
-Cities at top of hierarchy.
-Competition for world city status
-Where highest value-added functions are clustered, global divisions of labour.
-Social polarization
3rd urban revolution characterized by new form of city: global urbanization led to massive urban population growth in poor countries.
-A lot of slums, lack of access to water, jobs, housing, health care, infrastructure
Urban informality is a complex phenomena: Informal areas, low cost, opportunities for poor
-Governments try to eliminate them through bulldozing, eviction, displacement
-But knowledge of rights, gradualized formalization and provision of services allowed them to improve slums
Toronto is a typical, but slightly more successful than average city in the 20th century: Late 19th century it had serious urban problems of slums, poverty, inner city decline, congestion, bad water, disease.
-City invested in infrastructure and it improved
Urban ecology contribution is the flows, inputs and outputs: There are no waste products in nature or garbage because all outputs are inputs in other places.
-Cities are open loops, large inputs are converted into waste and are not re-used within the system.
-Urban engineering is finding ways to close these loops.
Energy is a primary flow into cities and a waste producer: Studying ecological systems, energy flows is important
-Most cities need a lot of energy.
- Dependence on cheap energy is a major risk factor it was cheap for 100 years.
-Food, and long distance food, food miles.
Ecological footprint analysis: By measuring the inputs of everything a city needs, the total of each city can be expressed as a ;and area needed to support it.
-Useful for comparing cities and cities over time.
-Too heavily weighted towards energy inputs
Political ecology examines cities in terms of power relationships: The production of urban space is an expression of power.
-Power is the ability to intervene in events.
-Power can be allocative or authoritative
-Hegemony is the exercise of power in ways that are not noticed, they are just accepted.
Water pollution is a major concern in urban ecology: In developed countries, a shift from point source, to non-point source pollution has taken place.
-Non-point source pollution includes, pesticides, herbicides, automobile related residues on pavements
-New storm water approaches are being created, including soakaways, retention swales.
Water supply critical challenge in developing country cities: Developing water supply costs a lot.
- Because control over water supply involves political and economic power, corruption and little incentives to provide cheap water
-Bad water
-Solving urban water supply will be a lasting problem.
Air pollution is a major human health issue: It has point source pollution regulated and non point source emissions
-Non point source pollution are pesticides, chemical reactions in smog, VOCs emmitted by products, cars, paint, foam
-Incineration is a major source of air pollution.
Megacities demonstrate a number of special characteristics: We cannot determine a best size for a city.
-"Diseconomies of scale" big issues in big cities mean bigger costs.
-At the same time, large cities mean bigger markets, larger job pools, more money and grater specialization.
Megacities around the world experience many common challenges: Rapidly developed, unplanned areas with little infrastructure results from increased car use and urban sprawl.
-Megacities becoming polycentric, with both planned and unplanned centres.
-All megacities are seeing increased socio-spatial polarization, the sorting of the rich and the poor.
Megacities form a major part of the current planet of slums: Big urban growth taking place at the time of shrinking government, few basic state services.
-Result is illegal slums, without basic water supply or sewers
-Most land does not have legal title, and most jobs are informal without security for the workers.
Urbanization is an enormous source of economic growth and wealth creation: Self financing for infrastructure.
-Many cities did this like Toronto with such things like land value capture, but development requires taxing.
Spatial sorting occurs voluntary and involuntarily: Voluntary - ethnic religious clustering, age. Provides advantages for urban communities
-Involuntarily, by wealth, racism, discrimination, self-defence. Damages life and life chances poor infrastructure and pollution.
The geography and functions of municipal governments are powerful in spatial sorting: Because local governments are responsible for local services such as education, streets, parks, water etc.
-Poverty correlates to racial divide, poor and racial minorities are stuck
Socio-spatial polarization results in bad living conditions for the poor: Urban environment quality is linked to quality of life.
-The poor are subject to LULU's (Locally unwanted land uses).
-Urban inequality is increasing and is unjust.
Before, we wanted more compact high density cities: People travel more in low density areas and by car, then high density with better transit is better. For example new york city uses the least amount of energy per capita of any us city
Urban form is an issue for urban sustainability: Travel, heating and cooling are the main uses of energy in cities.
Toronto is interesting: We have built a high density city which is planned for medium density.
-It has little transit, so there are a lot of automobiles especially in the suburbs.
- Greenbelt and intensification is not hard to achieve.

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