CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Terms
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- define lifespan
- understand how ad why people change or remain the same from cradle to grave
- life span involves which scientific disciplines
- psychology, sociology, history, anthropology, and biology
- what leads to the development of the individual
- genetic influences, physical maturation and cognition
- ecological approach
- an interaction between individual and environment; Urie Bronfenbrenner
- microsystem
- immediate environmental settings that influence and shape the individual
- exosystem
- political, education and cultural practices--surrounds the microsystem
- macrosystem
- surrounds both micro and exosystem; extending beliefs and values of the society
- cohort
- group of people born within a few years of each other, grow up and develop with different options, priorities and constraints
- SES (socioeconomic status)
-
a major influence on development
variables include, income education, residence, and occupation - low SES causes
- increased pressure and limited opportunities
- infant mortality, adult health problems and adolescent violence are more common among_________
- the poor or low SES
- culture
- shaped set of values, attitudes and customs in a particular setting
- ethnicity
- shared values and geography, ancestry and religion
- various _________ groups can share their culture with other groups yet maintain their _______ identidy
-
culture
ethnic - nature-nurture controversy
- impact of genetics and environment on personal development
- the range of abilities each person inherits genetically at time of conception is _______
- nature
- environmental influences that occur after conception
- nurture
- twin studies are common methods of investigating ______________
- nature v. nurture
- concordance rates
- how commonly a trait is shared between identical twins v. fraternal twins, v ordinary siblings
- scientific method
- general model which focuses on objectively gathered information using four steps
- list the 4 steps of the scientific method
-
formulate general question
develop a hypothesis
testing the hypothesis
draw conclusions based on results - replication
- repeating a study to check its results
- case study
- intensive study of 1 individual
- list 2 drawbacks of case studies
-
researches generalized to other people
inability to pinpoint the exact causal factors leading to condition - observation
- watching and recording what people do in particular circumstances
- representative sample
- a selected group of research subjects who reflect the relevant traits of larger population
- random sampling
- does not involve any pre-selection of any particular type of individual
- correlation
- considers whether changes in 1 variable are likely to be accompanied by changes in another variable
- positive correlation
- when both variables increase or both variables decrease
- negative correlation
- one variable increases while the other decreases
- experimental research
- considered the only method that can establish the causes of behavioral changes, psychological experiences and physiological process
- experimental group
- exposed to a condition
- control group
- not exposed to a condition
- variables
- components of experiementsthat refer to an event, condition, quality, behavior or trait
- the researcher controls and manipulates the ___________variable
- idependent
- the effect being evaluated as a result of the independent variable is _______________
- dependent variable
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- researches's expectations affect the results through the researches' actions
- cross-sectional research
- involves a design in which groups of subjects of different ages are compared on characteristics at the same point in time
- longitudinal research
- same group of subjects are tested over a period of time
- cross-sectional studies will reflect what __________ _______
- cohort differences
- list the limitation with cross-sectional designs
- difficulty ensuring all background variables except age are similar
- list the limitation with longitudinal design
- selective dropout and those that remain show behavior changes due to being in the study.
- cross-sequential research
- studies several groups of people at different ages; allows long-term study of development
- ethology
- natural unfolding of animal behavior
- developmental theory
- systematic statement that explains behavior and development over the life span
- psychodynamic theory
- considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives and stresses unconscious forces
- who is the founder of psychoanalysis
- sigmund freud
- the life instinct , by freud, is termed as _______ and the death instinct is called ________
-
eros
thanatos - freud separated the mind into 3 levels :
- conscious, preconscious and the unconscious
- conscious
- small part of the mind which individuals are aware at any moment in time
- preonscious mind
- below the conscious and includes accessible memories
- unconscious mind
- contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that individual cannot recall at will
- repression
- process by which emotionally threatening experiences are banished from the conscious to unconscious
- information-processing
- encoded, stored, and retrieved
- encoding
- putting info into a form that can be stored in memory
- storage
- where information is retained
- retrieval
- involves recovering information from memory