RTVF 1310 exam 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- can choose their own programming
- radio stations
- gives broadcasters freedom from censorship
- section 326 of the communications act
- american radio has
- format freedom
- provide attractive programming to meet information and entertainment needs of audience
- task
- original programming produced by radio station
- local programming
- obtained from a commercial supplier outside the station
- prerecorded or syndicated programming
- obtained from radio networks such as abc, cbs or national public radio
- news and talk network programming
- most popular form of radio programming
- music
- -- out of -- stations use music as programming backbone
- 9 out of 10
- include news, sports, weather, traffic
- local shows
- in news/talk, popular talk personalities are syndicated via
- satellite
- employs its own announcers and newscasters
- local, live production
- station uses syndicated programming but retains local announcers
- live-assist production
- station is fully automated
- turnkey automation
- station uses syndicated producer for majority of programming
- semiautomation
- computer automation makes it possible to program more than one station with the same personnel
- voice tracking
- the over all sound and image of the radio station
- format
- includes stations approach to talk, music, promotion, ads, community relations, personalities, etc
- format
-
to identify and serve a predetermined set of listeners
-to serve those listeners better than the competition
-to reward listeners both on and off air, make them consistent customers for the products and services advertised on the station - keys to a successful format
-
-do a better job at specific format than the competition
-develop a niche that will deliver a large enough audience to attract advertising revenue to the station - programming strategies
- station ownership, dial location, power, technical facilities, management philosophy
- internal factors
- geography, population, characteristics, program weaknesses (otehr stations)
- external factors
- goal of radio programming
- attract and maintain an audience
- the primary group sought by the radio station is defined by what two things?
- demographics and psychographics
- age, education, racial/ethnic background, sex
- demographic
- attitudes, beliefs and lifestyles
- psychographics
- radio has phenomenal
- reach
- radio reaches how many people each week
- 250 million
- just under half of all 12+ listeners between
- 6& 10 am
- radio reaches more people than tv, cable newspapers, magazines and online services during which time
- 6 am to 6 pm
- age breakouts (e.g. 18-24, 18-34, 18-49)
- demographic categories
- women, mid 30s
- ideal target group
- measures qualitative research and attempts to understand attitudes, beliefs, leisure pusuits, and political interests
- current research rage
- values and lifestyles of listeners
- qualitative research
- 6-10 am:
- morning drive (most important)
- 3-7 pm
- evening drive (second most important time)
- 10 am - 3 pm
- daytime (1 in five people listen)
- after 7 pm
- evening and late night (ratings drop because of people watching tv)
- saturday late morning and early afternoon are most important in
- weekend radio
- looks like the face of a clock
- the format wheel
-
used to plan and execute the stations sound
-shows where music, commercials, news, occur within the program schedule
-stations may use diferent clocks for different dayparts - format wheel
- a main purpose of the hot clock
- rotation of music
- three main types of information on a hot clock:
-
-commercial time positions
-promotional position
-programming - music and news/talk segments
- programming
- when too many commercials have been placed on the format
- clutter
- most station program between -- and -- minutes of commercials per hour
- 8 and 18
- the ocmmercial and promotional segments of the hot clock
- spot sets
- given most air play
- current hits
- recent hits still popular
- recurrent
- oldies
- gold
- overlap one program element with another
- segue
- musical set
- swee[
- stations publish a list of songs played on specific formats and these are used by major record labels to guage what gets airplay
- playlist
- billboard, radio and records
- tip sheets
- requests to station are logged in
- call-ins
- "hooks" are played over the phone
- call-outs
- 200+ song hooks test with large group focus study
- auditorium tests
- in depth interviews about musical preferences
- focus group study
- taking something of value in exchange for on air presentation/promotion
- payola
- addresses disclosure to station management
- section 508 of the CA
- addresses sponsorship id requirements
- sec. 317 of the CA
- are as complex as music formats
- talk formats
- four common programming elements:
- news talk business and sports
- shows various program segments
- format wheel
- cyclical format
- all news
- news segments mixed with talk segments
- news/talk
- approximately 400 cpb qualified stations rely on npr and pri for programming
- public
- approximately 800 stations licensed to. operated as student activities. mixed formats
- college
- operated by civil and religious organizations, school boards, charitable foundations, programming is mixed. block programming used
- community
- new authorization for ver low power fm stations
- micro-broadcasting
- ideal for small community organizations
- non-commercial
- tv named most frequently as --- --- of news
- primary source
- tv leads over the second choice which is
- newspaper
- proportion of people citing radio, newspaper, magazines as their primary news source has
- fallen
- tv seen as most credible since
- 1961
- 1992 tv was named most credible -- to -- over newspapers
- 2 to 1
- growth areas since 2000 has been the
- internet
- 1997: internet was voted the top news source by -- percent of the public
- 2%
- 2006: internet voted top news source by -- percent of public
- 24%
- 2008: pew study shows tv -- percent; internet --; newspaper --
-
70
40
35 - television emerges as primary source of news and information
- the kennedy assasination
- killing of suspect --- --- -- in front of millions
- lee harvey oswald
- jfk's funeral seen
- worldwide
- -- of -- americans watch jfk funeral on tv
- 9 of 10
-
-integration of central hs
-i have a dream speech by mlk
-tv shows fire horses and bullwhips in birmingham
-civil rights marches across the south
-1965 watts riots; 1967 nation wide riots
-assassination of martin luther king, april 1968 - television and civil rights
- television and the --- ---: 1961-75
- vietnam war
- war years mirror rise in
- tv technology
- war serves as a -- -- for news people
- training ground
- nightly --- --- was brought into america's living rooms during the war
- casualty list
-
-sub orbital flights
-lunar landing
-shuttle missions/ tragedies
-international space station - television news grows with us space program
- -sweeps minidocs and news consultants: increase in profits and fight for ratings
- news as show biz
-
-engagned in controversial "happy talk"
-glamorous anchor-journalists sometimes lack real journalism skills - transition in the late 70s
-
-eng
-sng
-voip - technology
- c span, cnn, fox news channel, and msnbc
- all news, all the time
- tv news is losing respect as an information source
- "tabloid" journalism
-
-oj simpson case
-jon benet ramsay case
-natalie holloway disappearance
-trial of michael jackson
-death of michael jackson
-lindsay lohan
-paris hilton
-charlie sheen - "tabloid" journalism
- decline of --- --- since 1998
- news credibility
- 24 hour localized versions of cnn
- regional and local cable news
- -news 12, long island, encompassing nassau and suffolk counties and the suburbs of new york city; txcn, belo corp.
- regional and local cable news
-
-sharing resources between commonly owned stations
-conventuring
are examples of - cooperation
-
-local affilliates re-broadcast over independent stations and cable stations (local-local news)
-partnerships with newspaper and radio - coenturing
- for sports, weather and news junkies needing up-to-the-minute scores, temperatures and stories
- news-on-demand
-
-bbc
-cnn international
-al-jazeera
-sky news
-tf1 and canal plus
-cctv
-telenoticias - international news
- television news team:
- tv news-command structure
- -the "boss" has overall day-to-day responsibility for the operation
- the news director
- retains editorial and content control over content within the newscast
- the news producer
- -maintains the future file
- assignment editor
- -an annotated listing of upcoming news events to be covered by assigned reporting teams
- future file
-
-prepares research
-scouts locations for pre-planned events - field producer
-
shuttle launch, murder trial, etc.
-invaluable for reporters - pre planned events
-
-gets orders
-does initial research over the phone
-sets up interviews
-teamed with a photographer
-supervises the editing of the stories - reporter
- sometimes fills the journalistic gap caused by the hiring of attractive anchors who draw a good audience but who may have limited writing skills
- writer
- -responsible for putting together packages of news stories
- editor
- -inserts voice-overs and graphics collaborating with reporters
- editor
- maintains editorial control over the make up individual newscasts story lineup, length, etc.
- news producer
-
-coordinates the anchors, cameras, reporters and personnel before and during a news broadcast in a studio
-also live-in-the field situations requiring personal and technological skills - the boss in the studio
-
-represent the news to the public
-must appear trustworthy and authoritative
-controversy continues over journalistic quality of local anchors continues - anchors
- -programs created and distributed by the major networks; lost; grey's anatomy
- network programming (broadcast)
- programming sold by distribution companies to local tv stations and cable services
- syndication
- programs produced by local tv and cable systems for their own communities
- local-origination
- the big four
- cbs, abc, nbc, fox
- each of the big four have about --- affiliates
- 200
- now involved in sydication
- mynetwork (launched in 2006)
-
-network cash compensation in the past
-affiliates compensated wiht avails within network programming
-have the right to clear of preempt programming - affiliates agreements
- rules hsape program production and --- ---
- network landscape
- in the early 1970s, fcc attempts to stop the networks from monopolizing --- ---
- entertainment production
- networks had to being paying --- --- to production companies for programming
- licensing fees
- 1986- --- --- and the emergence of fox tv
- fin syn
- 1995- fin syn
- abolished
- when fin-syn was abolished, networks were allowed to own their own shows and sell them into syndication following --- ---
- network run
- the major studios:
- exerting major influence
-
-columbia tri star (owned by sony)
-twentieth television/fox network (owned rupert murdoch)
-warner bros (owned by time warner cable)
-paramount (part of bcs/viacom conglomerate)
-nbc universal
-disney studios - major studios that exerted major influence
- intended to encourage program production
- prime time access rule (ptar)
-
-by non hollywood/ independent production companies
-of local programming by local tv stations especially in larger markets - intended to encourage program production
- prohibited top 50 market network affiliates from filling access time with desirable off-network syndicated series
- ptar
-
resulted in this highly popular type of programming being more available to independent stations in those markets
- ptar
- ptar enabled independent stations to compete with network affiliates during --- --- hours
- prime time
- ptar effectively repealed by --- in ---
- fcc in 1996
-
-fall season runs sept-oct
-second season runs jan-feb - traditional network seasons
- -runs new episodes of popular shows in the summer, instead of showing re-runs; a strategy now followed by cw and ion
- fox network defies tradition
-
-dominated by few conglomerates and major networks
-some from independent producers - tv production
- an idea or concept may be commissioned by the network, either --- or ---
- formally or informally
- short narratve may be offered
- treatment
- process where costing and legalities are worked out
- development
- arrangements for the program put together in specific order
- step deal
- sample productions ordered up by networks
- polots
- networks get the right of
- first refusal
-
-80% of programming is made up of theatrical releases on major pay cable services
-film studios sign exclusivity deals with pay services for specific runs - theatrical motion pictures
- 80% of programming is made up of theatrical releases on
- major pay cable services
- film studios sign --- --- with pay services for specific runs
- exclusivity deals
- -films are sold by distributors in
- packages
- a series of film titles sold to advertiser supported cable networks
- packages
-
keeps cable attractive despite competition from video stores & other sources
-original movies production costs between 4-8 million dollars - cable original movies
- cable films address more sensitive issues than films made for --- broadcast films
- ota
- -sign of cable's programming maturity
- cable series
- high profile regularly scheduled series
- cable series
- pbs stations target and --- ---
- undeserved audience
- not the largest audience possible
- underserved audience
- pbs charges membership dues to
- affiliates
- in return for membership dues to affiliates , the affiliates share in the programming funded and distributed by
- pbs
- pbs produces no programs itself, it serves as a conduit to
- program producers
- just over -- in -- programs comes from one of pbs' member situations
- one in four
- -- programs are made via international producers
- 7%
- -consortiums, philanthropies, corporations, foundations and individual contributions
- other programs are funded by these
- pbs affiliates themselves decide when to
- air national programs
- --- and --- programming from the bbc and independent television (united kingdom) also a source for the local schedules of pbs affiliates
- comedic and satirical
- pbs stations also produce wide variety of
- local programming
- two primary buyers or markets for syndication programming
- the syndication market
-
-local ota television stations
-cable networks including usa network, tnt, lifetime, etc - buyers or markets for syndication programming
-
created in 1963
-annual convention - national association of television program executives (napte)
- napte showcases newly syndicated programs to local and international tv stations
- national convention
- -programming originally produced for one of the major networks; 100 episodes is the magic number:seinfield, everbody loves raymont, the simpsons
- off net syndication
- programming developed specifically for syndication, life game shows, talk shows, and action series
- first run
- films that have completed their theatrical run and whose video and cable releases are sold to stations
- movie packages
- syndicators offer their programs to stations at a reduced cost in exchange for the right to insert advertising
- barter plus cash
- syndicators offer their programs to stations for no charge with guaranteed local avails for the station
- straight barter
-
provides exclusivity
-in market
-national rights - syndicated exclusivity
- syndex
- syndicated exclusivity
- -espn 1.1 billion dollars a year (1006-2013)
- monday night football
- fox and cbs 8 billion dollars a year (2006-2011)
- sunday afternoon games
- sunday night game; super bowls of the 2009 and 2011 seasons; 2 wild card weekend playoff games
- nbc 600 million dollars a year from 2006-2011
-
-impact of cable
-televisions impact on sports event scheduling
-impact of high college rights fees
-televisions impact on pro player salaries
-violence on the field
-innapropriate sponsorships - issues surrounding televised sports
- techniques to maximize viewership
- programming strategies
- object is
- audience flow
- flow through, outflow, inflow
- audience flow
-
different program with similar audience appeal
-oprah vs ellen
-chicago hope vs er - challenge programming
-
comedies vs news, drama vs reality shows.
-espn's 11pm sports center starts same time as local news
-cbs' monday night, sitcom line-up counter programs espn's monday night football - counterprogramming
-
-challenge programming
-counterprogramming
-block programming - programming strategies
- genre groupings
- block programming
- weak/ new program scheduled between two strong entries
- hammock
- hour long program bridges a program change on a competing network
- bridging
- called television a vast wasteland in 1961
- newton minow
- called television a toaster with pictures in 1981
- mark fowler
- large at-sea vessels must be equipped with wireless sets
- wireless ship act of 1910
- post-titanic regulation said radio operators had to get license from secretary of commerce and assigned frequencies and hours of operation to prevent interference at sea
- radio act of 1912
- spectrum interference; change was needed
- 1920s
- principles of scarcity theory
- 1927 radio act
-
-spectrum is publicly owned, not private
-stations to operate in the public interest
-government censorship is prohibited
-federal radio commission created to grant licenses make rules subject to judicial review
-frc eliminates interference pr - principles of scarcity theory
- created to grant licenses, make rules subject to judicial review
- federal radio commission
- electromagnetic spectrum is limited and a national resource; government reserves the right to impose obligations and regulations on those allowed to broadcast (traditional rationale)
- scarcity theory
-
-expanded frc from 5-7 members
-renamed, federal communications commission
-expands jurisdiction to include wireless and telephone
-bulk of 1927 legislation included and strengthened in title 3 of the communications act
- found as part of titl - the communications act of 1934
- fcc refuses to regulate it for lack of on air use
- 1950s
- pressure from broadcasters adds regulations; slows cable growth
- 1960s
- pressure from cable wins favorable legislation
- 1970s
- state and local regulations differ by
- locale
- local governments offer a particular cable provider right of
- exclusivity
- the most significant piece of electronic legislation in more than 60 years
- telecommunications act of 1996
- create competition between cable and phone companies is the intent of
- the telecommunications act of 1996
-
-removed limits on number of radio stations one could own
-liberalized rules covering local ownership
-could own multiple stations if combined viewership is less than 35% of nations homes
-created 8 year license renewals for both radio and tv
- telecommunications act of 1996
- parental access control
- v chip
- tv and radio so pervasive and potentially intrusive that the public is entitled to some protection from unwanted or offensive messages (recent rationale)
- passive presence theory
-
-federal communications commission
-congress (legislative branch)
-courts (judiciary branch)
the white house (executive branch)
-industry lobbyist
-the public
-state and local government
-the market place - regulatory forces: 8 key components
- 5 commissioners:
- presidential appointment, senate confirmed
- no more than - from any political party in the federal communications commission
- 3
-
-consumer and government affairs bureau
-enforcement bureau
-wireless telecommunications bureau
-wireline competition bureau
-media bureau
serve... - the 5 commissioners
- oversees fm, am radio, broadcast tv cable and satellite services
- media bureau
-
-conducts proceedings concenin broadcast, cable
-conducts proceedings related to dbs issues including satellite home viewer improvement act and customer premises equipment - policy division
- administers the fccs programs for political broadcasting and equal employment opportunity matters
- policy division
- fcc makes a proposal, allows for public comments, posts it in the federal register
- policy making
- office of plans and policy studies trends and anticipates future policy problems
-
future planning
- localism is a recent example of
- future planning
- grants licenses for stations
- fcc
-
-must be a us citizen, free from foreign control
-must be of good character
-must report all felonious, adverse civil judgments
-looks at potential future conduct of applicant
-applicant must show financial and technical strengths - requirements for licenses for stations
- -- months to build for radio
- 18
- -- months to build for television
- 24
- if a cp is issued, upon completion of construction,
- must apply for a license
-
program test authority
-license issued
if... - cp is issued
-
application for consent to assignment of broadcast construction permit or license
-must be submitted within 30 days - fcc form 314
- after fcc form 314 is approved, the buyer must submit a letter of --- within -- days
-
a letter of consummation
90 - ownership report for commercial stations
- fcc form 323
- ownership report for noncommercial educational stations
- fcc form 323-e
- application for consent to transfer of control of corporation holding broadcast station construction permit or license
- fcc form 315
- must be submitted when a controlling block of shares of a broadcasting company is transferred to a new entity or an individual
- fcc form 315
- application for consent to assignment or transfer of control
- fcc form 316
- used when a station is involuntarily transferred, such as to a trustee in bankruptcy
- fcc form 316
- the role of the fcc
- license renewal
- fcc has traditionally endorsed
- diverse ownership
- radio/tv station renewals up every --- years
- 8
- has station operated in the public interest?
- scrutiny
- must report programs that address the educational needs of children
- commercial tv stations
- an incumbent station will win out over a rival if past service is good
- renewal expectancy
- expectation of license renewal unless
- serious violation occurs
-
-knowingly making a false statement to fcc
-unauthorized transfer of control
-indecency violations in programming rarely lead to refusal of renewal - license denials
- forfeitures and due process
-
notice of inquiry
sanctions -
-letters to a station's file
-fines short term license renewal: 6 months to 2 years
-refusal or revocation of licenses: rare
- sanctions
- 32,500 dollars per day for each occurrence up to a maximum of 325,000 dollars; one year imprisonment
- maximum fcc forfeiture
- fines can be appealed on --- or --- grounds
-
statutory
constitutional - allows fcc to see if past deficiencies have been corrected
- short term license renewal
- stations in chicago and san francisco have been denied renewals for representation
- refusal of license
- fcc depends on ---
- to monitor stations
- fcc depends on --- to monitor stations
- complaints
-
-technical operation
-compliance with eeo requirements
-indecency issues have come under increasing scrutiny over the past few years - fcc enforcement focus areas
-
proper tower lighting and painting
-eas operation - technical operation
-
-summary decisions
-hearings before alj's - adjudication
- judicial route
- appeals
- the fcc does not license
- cable systems
- state and local governments grand
- franchises
- franchises last between -- and -- years
-
10
15 - local franchise authority regulates
- basic rates
- set rates for other tiers of service
- cable companies
- pay per view rates or per program services are not regulated by fcc or
- local franchise authority
- sets regulatory structure for basic and expanded programming
-
cable television consumer protection
-competition act of 1992 - fcc promulgates regulations that compel cable companies
- compliance
- gave fcc power to control technical issues regarding satellite tv
- communications satellite act of 1962
-
-premits satellite carriers to transmit local tv signals into local markets
-attempt to put satellite carriers on an equal footing with cable companies; fostering competition, giving consumers more choice - satellite home viewer improvement act of 1999
- fcc does not regulate --- or ---
- internet or isp's
- fcc does regulate --- and ---
- telephone and cable
- the fcc has an influence on how
- one connects to the internet
- fcc did away with reulates that treated --- --- provided by telephone companies differently than broadband offered by cable companies in 2005
- broadband services
-
created the fcc; all previous and ne broadcast legislation
-controls purse strings of fcc
-can create new legislation
-can hold public hearings on actions of fcc - congress
- ended tv advertisement of cigarettes in
- 1971
-
rivals congress in terms of influence over the fcc
-judicial process
-courts articulated the pervasive presence rationale - courts
- -main player in the judicial process
- us court of appeals
- other appeals of the judicial process may go to -- other us courts of appeal
- 12
- final appeals go to the
- us supreme court
- courts look for fair -- -- by the fcc
- non arbitrary actions
- -presidents cabinet officers can
- influence policy
- the white house hac initiate --- legislation
- communication
- the president can influence the fcc political agenda and regulatory tone with his
- appointees
- the white house has own agency specializing in
- telecommunications
- the national telecommunications and information administration
- the white house's agency
- 200 year old force in american politics
- industry lobbyists
-
help lawmakers learn about the impact of legislation on society
-broadcasting/cable lobbyists express their views to the fcc, congress, the courts and the white house
- function of industry lobbyists
- the major networks all maintain
- lobbyists
- esiest for lobbyists to --- somethign than to...
-
prevent
make it happen - in the 1970s citizen involvement
- peaked
- deregulation, longer licensing terms and dwindling financial support hurt
- power of citizens lobbbyists
-
-center for media education
-media access project - two citizen groups
- try to cultivate good public opinion
- citizen groups
- public influences policy through --- --- --- and members of congress
- election of president
-
states often have laws that touch upon areas of communications not specifically mentioned in federal statuses
-states/cities can enact laws that protect privacy of subscribers to local stations
-collect franchise fees, negotiate franchise contract - state and local government
- the market place concept involves buyers and sellers and general economic forces like...
-
-supply
-demand
-competition
-prices - marketplace promotes
- efficiency
- attitude of fcc towards marketplace varies with different ...
- administrations and commissioners
- recent trend of relying on marketplace as a
- determinant
- only responsive to economic forces, not sensitive to social needs
- disadvantage to the marketplace
- written statements of principle guiding behavior
- codes
- common in many professions: medicine, law, journalism
- codes
- national association of broadcasters
- the nab code
- the nab established radio code in ----, included tv in ----
-
1929
1952 - the nab code covered both --- and ---
-
programming
advertising - after 1982 anti trust suit...elected to dissolve the code completely
- nab code
- voluntary statement of principles of radio and television broadcasting adopted in 1990, reaffirmed in 1992
- national association of broadcasters
- code of broadcast news ethics
- radio & television digital news association
- code for objectivity and press responsibility
- society of professional journalists
- code for truthfulness in advertising
- american advertising federation
-
national cable television association
-national advertising division
-national advertising review board - industry profession groups (other)
- working with students
- scholarly and academic organizations
-
-broadcast education association
-association for education in journalism and mass comm - scholarly and academic organizations
- congress introduced bill to allow industry to create new code (didn't pass)
- 1997
- in 1998, nab was asked to draft an updated --- --- for broadcasters
- voluntary code
- in 2000, senate asked fcc to examine if current programming was serving the
- public interest
- in 2004, after the janet jackson wardrobe malfunction, the nab formed
- task force
- has any new code been proposed so far?
- no
- public and employees are made aware of specific policies
- advantages to codes
- codes could be used in court against a station
- disadvantages to codes
- -- -- put your organization on record
- written policies
- with this in mind, codes are often worded --- to reflect and entire organization
- vaguely
- without codes, management must be sensitive to political, social, and economic --- of community
- sensibilities
- without codes, stations develop own --- ---
- policy guidelines
- s&p departments have been
- cut back
- societal standards are more
- tolerant
- introduced controversial shows like married with children, the simpsons
- fox network
- networks competitive position impacts
- standard
- cable overall has more -- over ota
- leeway
- premium cable channels have the greatest latitude when it comes to --- and --- content
-
mature
sexual - determination of acceptability of tv/radio messages may depend on these things (4)
-
size of the market
the time period
the stations audience
the type of content involved - v chip attempts to pass some --- on the public
- responsibility
- requires the v chip device in every tv set 13-inches or larger
- section 551, telecommunications act of 1996
- creation of ratings definitions and guidelines is
- voluntary
- concern over portrayal of ---
- minorities
- concern over presentation of --- and ---
-
sex
violence - which group is concerned about the presentation of sex and violence
- parents television council
- the parent teacher association and the national education association have to do with
- childrens programming
- measures rightness/wrongness of actions in terms of consequences
- teleological approach
- most popular teleological theory
- utilitarianism
- a person should act such that it produces the greatest possible ratio of good over evil
- utilitarianism
- one makes the decision that yields the most good and/or the least harm for the fewest number
- utilitarianism
- act in a way that is best for you
- premise of egoism
- do not sacrifice self for others
- egoism
- egoism requires thoughtful analysis of each choice to find what is
- best for an individual
- egoism does not preclude --- to others or --- for others welfare
-
kindness
concern - criticized for being paradoxical and inconsistent
- egoism
- not concerned with consequences
- deontological approach
- deals with those duties that are morally required of all
- deontological
- reason, society, supernatural, the human conscience
- source of the duties morally required for all
- doesn't matter if consequences for the deontological approach of --- are ---
-
lying
beneficial - deontology was developed by
- immanuel kant
- duty governs --- not ---
-
decisions
consequences - ones duty is recognized via --- ---
- categorical imperative
- act only on principles youd want to be
- universal law
- what is right for one is right for one is right for all falls under
- categorical imperative
-
-developed by writings of aristotle
-grounded in natural law
-search for the extremes - the golden mean
- moderation, temperance, equilibrium, harmony
- grounded by natural law: the golden mean
- search for extremes-
- find the golden mean within
- in cultural ethics you're grounded in society,
- not nature
- in cultural ethics, an individual is shaped by culture,
- not nature
- in cultural ethics, an individual adjusts to a society of
- no universals
- in cultural ethics, problems are solved ---, which no regard to ---
-
contextually
norms - solicit advice from peers; review how similar circumstances were handled by others to determine norms
- problems solved contextually
- argues that societal norms are inadequate due to uniqueness of all situations and problems
- situational ethics
- in situational ethics, decisions are founded upon
- unique details of situation
- generally ranked high in growth and earnings per share
- companies ranking high in ethics
- assures some consistency in decision making
- personal ethics
- in order to be able to respond quickly- and ethically, must have some predefined standards in place before issues arise
- media practitioners
- will provide the ability to rationally explain decisions by studying and adopting techniques of --- ---
- moral reasoning
- a scare commodity-time to
- reflect on decisions
- lack training in ethical standards- many --- --- ---
- current media execs
- rarely conduct ethics training
- companies
- helpful but must be weighed by an awareness of the nature of the day-to-day pressures in tv and radio
- theoretical knowledge of ethics
- balancing profits against public service
- number one ethical problem
- the creator of amazing discoveries-- produced 45 infomercials over 5 years generating an estimated revenue of 300 million dollars
- positive response tv
- by the late 90s some estimates indicated the informercial industry brought in
- 1.7 billion dollars