geography exam 2 '08
Terms
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- ocean currents
- surface currents a product of the wind
- factors responsible for wind and it's direction
- pressure gradient, coriolis effect, friction
- stationary front
- cold moves faster than warm front, causes air to get lifted and creates dissolution of the storm
- Highs
- hot air sinks (gravity pulls down) and creates a high pressure cells
- warm Front:
- warm: tend to slide as closer to you; more clouds, more likely rain.
- highest air pressure recorded
- 1083.8: in sibera at -50F; 1968
- Thermohaline deep currents
- deep: temperature and saltwater fairly new, water, will move an entire way around globe 1000 years mjoves reallydeep.
- Hawaiin high
- a sors High: mmiddle high temperature streams
- a squall line
- outside a cold front. pulls moist air out and creates a stronger storm
- air pressure
- weight air exerts on the earths surface. the closer to the ground the air, the more dense it is; the more dense it is, the more pressure.
- the Polar Jet
- 1. modeled on the dishpan effect (lultz and mossby) 2. located in the 800-500 mb level, 3. characterized by strong vertical and horizantal winds shear. 4. waves in westerlies form rigges and troughs, 5, waves anchored by oceans and idlatitudinal mountains, 6. vaires from season to season. 7. steers surace torms of mid. latitudes.
- Types of Jet Streams
- Polar(westerly in both hemispheres) Subtropical (westerly in both hemispheres, poleward side of hadley cells, Tropical (north hemsiphere or asia and africa, weak)
- ghost nets
- are nets which have been lost or cut loose.
- shear
- , is a difference in wind speed and direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere.
- advection
- the horizontal transfer of air
- cold fronts
- cold: blends wtropiht cold air moves rapidly. storms are intense; rainfall, not long, "train" sortms wil track along the front
- air movements
- large body of lower atmosphere wiht uniform conditoins of temp and moisture
- Rossby Circulation
- generalized middle and upper latitude circulation
- friction
- happens at ground level and opposses the winds/
- Jet Streams
- are geostrophic winds, with stron narrow currents and concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis.
- lightening
- when alot of condensation and cloud formation and releases alot of energy into the air, bombardment of ice criystals creat a charge. pos on top neg at bottm. the neg and positie particles meet in the air and create a circut, drains the energy buildup in the air
- winds in response to fields pressure cells
- Highs *anticyclones* and Lows *cyclones*
- tornadoes
- low prewssure in the center, the level of condensation lowers, this causes the temperature soto lower so it forms at a lower altitude.
- chinook winds
- air blws over a mountain and it rises, cools and releases its moisture. as the air descends on the leewards side it warms adiabatiaclly due to subsidence and compression.o
- saturation
- 1. add moisture\water vapor to the atmosphere. 2. cool the air to dew point temperature
- mercury barometer
- bigger and harder to read
- convectional uplift
- environment: strong convection precipitation (unstable); Little convection, no precipitation (stable)
- cyclones
- in the south hemispgere
- Drainage winds
- similar to mountain breezes; cold, dense air flows under the nifluence of gravity from higher to lower elevations
- how do hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons
- disturbances in easterlies and westerlies, start at africa coast, ssts must be above 81 or 21 degrees celsius. june-october, hurricane season
- convection
- vertical mixing of air due to differences in the air.
- types of wind
- valley (anabatic pulls air up), Mountain (katabatic, pulls air pressure down), drainage, chinook
- seasonal **** in the ITCZ
- shifts wiht sun and changes stregnth with the sun
- stages of a thunderstorm
- cumulous, mature, disappating
- center of storm
- lowest pressure that causes clouds to be tall and have lots of rain
- cell over the pacific
- large stsorm and grew until it collapsed
- Jet streams
- low west to east in both hemispheres: westerlies
- thurderstorm days a year
- alot of unstale air over flordia area
- frontal movement
- warmer air over colder air
- La Nina
- extra strong normal--opposite than el nino
- typhoons
- southeast asia, japan, etc.
- Geostrophic winds
- Pressure gradient and coriolis: winds aloft, above the fricitonal influence of the earth's surface. As soem air moves in response to pressure, it is turned progressively sidewards until pressure and coriolis balance.
- microbursts
- downdraft of air that lasts les than or equal to 2.5 meters
- relative humidity and air temperature equasion
- SH\MHx100
- Wall cloud:
- local lowering of cumulonimus cloudbase associated wiht a humid updraft
- rain bands
- spiral bands of rain in a hurricane that are rain free
- tropical cyclnes
- hurricanes, typhoons
- When High Velocity Winds were Found
- in WWII, the B-17 bombers flight pattern
- cyclones turn
- clockwise
- Air pressure decreases where
- decreases mostly in the troposphere
- measuring air pressure
- millibars on a barometer. the mercury and aeneriod
- states of water
- gas,liquid, ice...water releases latent heat or frost.
- pressure gradient force
- the variable that drives the movement of air between two areas at diferent pressurees. Highs and Lows.
- Hailstones
- cold temperature creates ice.
- surface winds
- Pressure, Coriolis, Friction: winds that experience frictional drag from the earth's surface.
- coriolis force
- force created by earth's rotation that causes winds to be deflected to the right in the north hemisphere and left in the south hemisphere. Strongest at the poles and none in the equator
- maximum humidity
- rises dramitically wiht rising temperature.
- Lows
- cool air rises and creates a low pressure cell as it circulates
- precipitation processes
- precipitation driven by uplift in atmosphere
- types of uplift
- 1. convection-warm paroles of air 2. orographic--air forced up and over mountains 3. frontal: air masses collide and drive air upwards 4. Convergent: low pressue troughs
- CPV
- circumpolar vortex: strong winds around the polar latitudes
- cooling the atmosphere to sufficiently to get cloud formation, means of cooling air:
- 1. advection: advective cooling, warmer air over acooler one. 2. radiation-radiative cooling 3. uplift: convective cooling
- virga
- name to precip evaporates.
- popcorn
- each gets a new glob
- lowest sea level pressure
- 870mb within a typhoon tip. 1979
- Onions
- a layer of ice freezes to hail until it falls.
- hot towers
- bursts where rising air (up) pushes through storms. Helps indicate ferosity of storms. spiral rain bands come together aound the eye.
- source regions based on two criteria
- moisture content: , latitude artic or antarctic, polar, tropical, equatorial
- hurricanse turn
- counter clockwise
- ENSO
- el nino southern oscillation; involves air and water circulation condition *event) that occurs; change in fishing conditions.
- rossby waves develop and evolve
- meridinal flow; ridges and trouphs make up the westerlies changes
- Local gravity air movements
- anabatic and katabatic winds
- Diurnal cycle
- maximum ater sun comes up
- hurricane
- north and south america
- saturation curve
- saturation, non saturation, super-saturation.: max water hold at temperature. Volume\vol and weight\weight
- cloud families
- 1. high: cirrus 2. alto 3.cumulus\stratus
- air pressure and altitude
- air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
- orographic lifiting
- wrings out moisture
- Absolute lowest pressure to be measured
- the bottom of a tornado-not yet found
- aeneroid barometer
- smaller, the size of a soccerball, reads small pressure charges
- where they are from
- from between 0 and 18 deg. latitude, as far off to the coast of africa.
- Edmund Halley
- astronomer and mathematician. Halleys Comet. Made the Matter of equalization of pressure.
- slingpsychrometer
- top is a wet ball, the bottom is a dry ball. use distilled water and spin. the dry side is the air temp and the wet side is a change because the air cools and evaporation will be lower. the great er the drepession, the dryer the ball, the diferene is the air pressure.